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Causal Bayesian Networks (CBNs) are a powerful tool for reasoning under uncertainty about complex real-world problems. Such problems evolve over time, responding to external shocks as they occur. To support decision-making, CBNs require a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Bruno Petrungaro , Anthony C. Constantinou

Causal discovery from time series data encompasses many existing solutions, including those based on deep learning techniques. However, these methods typically do not endorse one of the most prevalent paradigms in deep learning: End-to-end…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Gideon Stein , Maha Shadaydeh , Joachim Denzler

Identifying latent variables and the causal structure involving them is essential across various scientific fields. While many existing works fall under the category of constraint-based methods (with e.g. conditional independence or rank…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Ignavier Ng , Xinshuai Dong , Haoyue Dai , Biwei Huang , Peter Spirtes , Kun Zhang

Structure learning is essential for Bayesian networks (BNs) as it uncovers causal relationships, and enables knowledge discovery, predictions, inferences, and decision-making under uncertainty. Two novel algorithms, FSBN and SSBN, based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Minn Sein , Fu Shunkai

The inference of causal structures from observed data plays a key role in unveiling the underlying dynamics of the system. This paper exposes a novel method, named Multiscale-Causal Structure Learning (MS-CASTLE), to estimate the structure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Gabriele D'Acunto , Paolo Di Lorenzo , Sergio Barbarossa

Learning the causal structure behind data is invaluable for improving generalization and obtaining high-quality explanations. We propose a novel framework, Invariant Structure Learning (ISL), that is designed to improve causal structure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Yunhao Ge , Sercan Ö. Arik , Jinsung Yoon , Ao Xu , Laurent Itti , Tomas Pfister

Causal discovery is the subfield of causal inference concerned with estimating the structure of cause-and-effect relationships in a system of interrelated variables, as opposed to quantifying the strength or describing the form of causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-26 Rebecca F. Supple , Hannah Worthington , Ben Swallow

In this article, we describe the algorithms for causal structure learning from time series data that won the Causality 4 Climate competition at the Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2019 (NeurIPS). We examine how our…

We present a boosting-based method to learn additive Structural Equation Models (SEMs) from observational data, with a focus on the theoretical aspects of determining the causal order among variables. We introduce a family of score…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-15 Maximilian Kertel , Nadja Klein

Learning DAG structures from purely observational data remains a long-standing challenge across scientific domains. An emerging line of research leverages the score of the data distribution to initially identify a topological order of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Vy Vo , He Zhao , Trung Le , Edwin V. Bonilla , Dinh Phung

Knowing the causal structure of a system is of fundamental interest in many areas of science and can aid the design of prediction algorithms that work well under manipulations to the system. The causal structure becomes identifiable from…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-30 Martin Emil Jakobsen , Rajen D. Shah , Peter Bühlmann , Jonas Peters

A family of algorithms for time series classification (TSC) involve running a sliding window across each series, discretising the window to form a word, forming a histogram of word counts over the dictionary, then constructing a classifier…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 James Large , Anthony Bagnall , Simon Malinowski , Romain Tavenard

Temporal background information can improve causal discovery algorithms by orienting edges and identifying relevant adjustment sets. We develop the Temporal Greedy Equivalence Search (TGES) algorithm and terminology essential for…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-13 Tobias Ellegaard Larsen , Claus Thorn Ekstrøm , Anne Helby Petersen

The widespread availability of complex time series data in various domains such as environmental science, epidemiology, and economics demands robust causal discovery methods that can identify intricate contemporaneous and lagged…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Omar Faruque , Sahara Ali , Xue Zheng , Jianwu Wang

In the algorithm Intersort, Chevalley et al. (2024) proposed a score-based method to discover the causal order of variables in a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) model, leveraging interventional data to outperform existing methods. However, as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Mathieu Chevalley , Arash Mehrjou , Patrick Schwab

Structural learning, which aims to learn directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) from observational data, is foundational to causal reasoning and scientific discovery. Recent advancements formulate structural learning into a continuous optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Song Wei , Yao Xie

The discovery of structure from time series data is a key problem in fields of study working with complex systems. Most identifiability results and learning algorithms assume the underlying dynamics to be discrete in time. Comparatively…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-04 Alexis Bellot , Kim Branson , Mihaela van der Schaar

This paper introduces a new causal structure learning method for nonstationary time series data, a common data type found in fields such as finance, economics, healthcare, and environmental science. Our work builds upon the constraint-based…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-06-10 Agathe Sadeghi , Achintya Gopal , Mohammad Fesanghary

Evaluating the performance of causal discovery algorithms that aim to find causal relationships between time-dependent processes remains a challenging topic. In this paper, we show that certain characteristics of datasets, such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Christopher Lohse , Jonas Wahl

Causal structure learning refers to a process of identifying causal structures from observational data, and it can have multiple applications in biomedicine and health care. This paper provides a practical review and tutorial on scalable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Pulakesh Upadhyaya , Kai Zhang , Can Li , Xiaoqian Jiang , Yejin Kim