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The ability to learn in dynamic, nonstationary environments without forgetting previous knowledge, also known as Continual Learning (CL), is a key enabler for scalable and trustworthy deployments of adaptive solutions. While the importance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Andrea Cossu , Antonio Carta , Davide Bacciu

A lifelong learning agent is able to continually learn from potentially infinite streams of pattern sensory data. One major historic difficulty in building agents that adapt in this way is that neural systems struggle to retain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Hitesh Vaidya , Travis Desell , Alexander Ororbia

Continual learning (CL) has traditionally focused on minimizing exemplar memory, a constraint often misaligned with modern systems where GPU time, not storage, is the primary bottleneck. This paper challenges this paradigm by investigating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Dongkyu Cho , Taesup Moon , Rumi Chunara , Kyunghyun Cho , Sungmin Cha

To cope with real-world dynamics, an intelligent system needs to incrementally acquire, update, and exploit knowledge throughout its lifetime. This ability, known as Continual learning, provides a foundation for AI systems to develop…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Hesham G. Moussa , Aroosa Hameed , Arashmid Akhavain

Underpinning the past decades of work on the design, initialization, and optimization of neural networks is a seemingly innocuous assumption: that the network is trained on a \textit{stationary} data distribution. In settings where this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Clare Lyle , Zeyu Zheng , Khimya Khetarpal , Hado van Hasselt , Razvan Pascanu , James Martens , Will Dabney

Neural networks tend to gradually forget the previously learned knowledge when learning multiple tasks sequentially from dynamic data distributions. This problem is called \textit{catastrophic forgetting}, which is a fundamental challenge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-21 Chenze Shao , Yang Feng

Knowledge graphs (KGs) require continual updates as new information emerges, but neural embedding models suffer from catastrophic forgetting when learning new tasks sequentially. We evaluate Elastic Weight Consolidation (EWC), a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Gaganpreet Jhajj , Fuhua Lin

Current training regimes for deep learning usually involve exposure to a single task / dataset at a time. Here we start from the observation that in this context the trained model is not given any knowledge of anything outside its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Giacomo Spigler

In continual learning, networks confront a trade-off between stability and plasticity when trained on a sequence of tasks. To bolster plasticity without sacrificing stability, we propose a novel training algorithm called LRFR. This approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Zhenrong Liu , Yang Li , Yi Gong , Yik-Chung Wu

Continual learning seeks to enable machine learning systems to solve an increasing corpus of tasks sequentially. A critical challenge for continual learning is forgetting, where the performance on previously learned tasks decreases as new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Yasaman Mahdaviyeh , James Lucas , Mengye Ren , Andreas S. Tolias , Richard Zemel , Toniann Pitassi

Human being and different species of animals having the skills to gather, transferring knowledge, processing, fine-tune and generating information throughout their lifetime. The ability of learning throughout their lifespan is referred as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Ashutosh Kumar , Sonali Agarwal , D Jude Hemanth

The recent work of Papyan, Han, & Donoho (2020) presented an intriguing "Neural Collapse" phenomenon, showing a structural property of interpolating classifiers in the late stage of training. This opened a rich area of exploration studying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Like Hui , Mikhail Belkin , Preetum Nakkiran

Continual learning requires incremental compatibility with a sequence of tasks. However, the design of model architecture remains an open question: In general, learning all tasks with a shared set of parameters suffers from severe…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Liyuan Wang , Xingxing Zhang , Qian Li , Jun Zhu , Yi Zhong

The training dynamics of deep neural networks often defy expectations, even as these models form the foundation of modern machine learning. Two prominent examples are grokking, where test performance improves abruptly long after the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Keitaro Sakamoto , Issei Sato

Humans learn adaptively and efficiently throughout their lives. However, incrementally learning tasks causes artificial neural networks to overwrite relevant information learned about older tasks, resulting in 'Catastrophic Forgetting'.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Gobinda Saha , Isha Garg , Aayush Ankit , Kaushik Roy

Continual learning of deep neural networks is a key requirement for scaling them up to more complex applicative scenarios and for achieving real lifelong learning of these architectures. Previous approaches to the problem have considered…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Jary Pomponi , Simone Scardapane , Vincenzo Lomonaco , Aurelio Uncini

Machine unlearning, the ability to erase the effect of specific training samples without retraining from scratch, is critical for privacy, regulation, and efficiency. However, most progress in unlearning has been empirical, with little…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Wei-Kai Chang , Rajiv Khanna

Multi-task learning is useful in NLP because it is often practically desirable to have a single model that works across a range of tasks. In the medical domain, sequential training on tasks may sometimes be the only way to train models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Denis Jered McInerney , Luyang Kong , Kristjan Arumae , Byron Wallace , Parminder Bhatia

Catastrophic forgetting is a longstanding challenge in continual learning, where models lose knowledge from earlier tasks when learning new ones. While various mitigation strategies have been proposed for Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLPs),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Mohammad Marufur Rahman , Guanchu Wang , Kaixiong Zhou , Minghan Chen , Fan Yang

Lifelong learning capabilities are crucial for artificial autonomous agents operating on real-world data, which is typically non-stationary and temporally correlated. In this work, we demonstrate that dynamically grown networks outperform…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-12-03 German I. Parisi , Xu Ji , Stefan Wermter