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Fault-tolerant quantum error correction is essential for implementing quantum algorithms of significant practical importance. In this work, we propose a highly effective use of the surface-GKP code, i.e., the surface code consisting of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-01 Kyungjoo Noh , Christopher Chamberland , Fernando G. S. L. Brandão

Decoders that provide an estimate of the probability of a logical failure conditioned on the error syndrome ("soft-output decoders") can reduce the overhead cost of fault-tolerant quantum memory and computation. In this work, we construct…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-04 Nadine Meister , Christopher A. Pattison , John Preskill

We analyze Linear Programming (LP) decoding of graphical binary codes operating over soft-output, symmetric and log-concave channels. We show that the error-surface, separating domain of the correct decoding from domain of the erroneous…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Michael Chertkov , Mikhail Stepanov

The paper considers the NP-hard graph vertex coloring problem, which differs from traditional problems in which it is required to color vertices with a given (or minimal) number of colors so that adjacent vertices have different colors. In…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Adil Erzin , Roman Plotnikov , Georgii Zhukov

The union-find decoder is a leading algorithmic approach to the correction of quantum errors on the surface code, achieving code thresholds comparable to minimum-weight perfect matching (MWPM) with amortised computational time scaling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-10 Sam J. Griffiths , Dan E. Browne

The surface code is one of the most promising candidates for combating errors in large scale fault-tolerant quantum computation. A fault-tolerant decoder is a vital part of the error correction process---it is the algorithm which computes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-15 Fern H. E. Watson , Hussain Anwar , Dan E. Browne

We study the hardness of the problem of finding the distance of quantum error-correcting codes. The analogous problem for classical codes is known to be NP-hard, even in approximate form. For quantum codes, various problems related to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-07 Upendra Kapshikar , Srijita Kundu

Color codes present distinct advantages for fault-tolerant quantum computing, such as high encoding rates and the transversal implementation of Clifford gates. However, existing matching-based decoders for the color codes such as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Yantong Liu , Junjie Wu , Lingling Lao

NP-hard problems are not believed to be exactly solvable through general polynomial time algorithms. Hybrid quantum-classical algorithms to address such combinatorial problems have been of great interest in the past few years. Such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-15 Yagnik Chatterjee , Eric Bourreau , Marko J. Rančić

Neural-network decoders can achieve a lower logical error rate compared to conventional decoders, like minimum-weight perfect matching, when decoding the surface code. Furthermore, these decoders require no prior information about the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-30 Boris M. Varbanov , Marc Serra-Peralta , David Byfield , Barbara M. Terhal

Color codes are promising quantum error correction (QEC) codes because they have an advantage over surface codes in that all Clifford gates can be implemented transversally. However, thresholds of color codes under circuit-level noise are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-18 Yugo Takada , Keisuke Fujii

Decoding a quantum error correction code is generally NP-hard, but corrections must be applied at a high frequency to suppress noise successfully. Matchable codes, like the surface code, exhibit a special structure that makes it possible to…

Realizing the full potential of quantum computation requires Quantum Error Correction (QEC). QEC reduces error rates by encoding logical information across redundant physical qubits, enabling errors to be detected and corrected. A common…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-05 Yotam Peled , David Zenati , Eliya Nachmani

Practical large-scale quantum computation requires both efficient error correction and robust implementation of logical operations. Three-dimensional (3D) color codes are a promising candidate for fault-tolerant quantum computation due to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Friederike Butt , Lars Esser , Markus Müller

Low check weight is practically crucial code property for fault-tolerant quantum computing, which underlies the strong interest in quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes. Here, we explore the theory of weight-constrained stabilizer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Fuchuan Wei , Zhengyi Han , Austin Yubo He , Zimu Li , Zi-Wen Liu

Surface codes are among the best candidates to ensure the fault-tolerance of a quantum computer. In order to avoid the accumulation of errors during a computation, it is crucial to have at our disposal a fast decoding algorithm to quickly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-15 Nicolas Delfosse , Gilles Zémor

The minimum weight matching (MWM) and maximum likelihood decoding (MLD) are two widely used and distinct decoding strategies for quantum error correction. For a given syndrome, the MWM decoder finds the most probable physical error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Mao Lin

Quantum error correction, which utilizes logical qubits that are encoded as redundant multiple physical qubits to find and correct errors in physical qubits, is indispensable for practical quantum computing. Surface code is considered to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Hoshitaro Ohnishi , Hideo Mukai

The field of quantum computation currently lacks a formal proof of experimental feasibility. Qubits are fragile and sophisticated quantum error correction is required to achieve reliable quantum computation. The surface code is a promising…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-12-04 Austin G. Fowler

Topological quantum error correction codes have high thresholds and are well suited to physical implementation. The minimum weight perfect matching algorithm can be used to efficiently handle errors in such codes. We perform a timing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-20 Austin G. Fowler , Adam C. Whiteside , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg