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Online hate is an escalating problem that negatively impacts the lives of Internet users, and is also subject to rapid changes due to evolving events, resulting in new waves of online hate that pose a critical threat. Detecting and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Nishant Vishwamitra , Keyan Guo , Farhan Tajwar Romit , Isabelle Ondracek , Long Cheng , Ziming Zhao , Hongxin Hu

In this work, we examine hateful memes from three complementary angles - how to detect them, how to explain their content and how to intervene them prior to being posted - by applying a range of strategies built on top of generative AI…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Naquee Rizwan , Subhankar Swain , Paramananda Bhaskar , Gagan Aryan , Shehryaar Shah Khan , Animesh Mukherjee

The context-dependent nature of online aggression makes annotating large collections of data extremely difficult. Previously studied datasets in abusive language detection have been insufficient in size to efficiently train deep learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-31 Younghun Lee , Seunghyun Yoon , Kyomin Jung

Internet memes have become a dominant method of communication; at the same time, however, they are also increasingly being used to advocate extremism and foster derogatory beliefs. Nonetheless, we do not have a firm understanding as to…

Recent advances in multimodal AI have enabled progress in detecting synthetic and out-of-context content. However, existing efforts largely overlook the intent behind AI-generated images. To fill this gap, we introduce S-HArM, a multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Anastasios Skoularikis , Stefanos-Iordanis Papadopoulos , Symeon Papadopoulos , Panagiotis C. Petrantonakis

Hate speech detection is a crucial area of research in natural language processing, essential for ensuring online community safety. However, detecting implicit hate speech, where harmful intent is conveyed in subtle or indirect ways,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Yumin Kim , Hwanhee Lee

Since personal computers became widely available in the consumer market, the amount of harmful content on the internet has significantly expanded. In simple terms, harmful content is anything online which causes a person distress or harm.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Pranjal Aggarwal , Pasupuleti Chandana , Jagrut Nemade , Shubham Sharma , Sunil Saumya , Shankar Biradar

The spread of information through social media platforms can create environments possibly hostile to vulnerable communities and silence certain groups in society. To mitigate such instances, several models have been developed to detect hate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Marzieh Babaeianjelodar , Gurram Poorna Prudhvi , Stephen Lorenz , Keyu Chen , Sumona Mondal , Soumyabrata Dey , Navin Kumar

Online hate speech, particularly over microblogging platforms like Twitter, has emerged as arguably the most severe issue of the past decade. Several countries have reported a steep rise in hate crimes infuriated by malicious hate…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Sarah Masud , Subhabrata Dutta , Sakshi Makkar , Chhavi Jain , Vikram Goyal , Amitava Das , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Threat detection in Natural Language Processing lacks consistent definitions and standardized benchmarks, and is often conflated with broader phenomena such as toxicity, hate speech, or offensive language. In this work, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Davide Bruni , Carlo Bardazzi , Maurizio Tesconi

Online memes are a powerful yet challenging medium for content moderation, often masking harmful intent behind humor, irony, or cultural symbolism. Conventional moderation systems "especially those relying on explicit text" frequently fail…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Sayantan Adak , Somnath Banerjee , Rajarshi Mandal , Avik Halder , Sayan Layek , Rima Hazra , Animesh Mukherjee

Hate speech in social media is a growing phenomenon, and detecting such toxic content has recently gained significant traction in the research community. Existing studies have explored fine-tuning language models (LMs) to perform hate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Md Rabiul Awal , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Eshaan Tanwar , Tanmay Garg , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Hate speech detection across contemporary social media presents unique challenges due to linguistic diversity and the informal nature of online discourse. These challenges are further amplified in settings involving code-mixing,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Daman Deep Singh , Ramanuj Bhattacharjee , Abhijnan Chakraborty

Warning: this paper contains content that may be offensive or upsetting Hate speech moderation on global platforms poses unique challenges due to the multimodal and multilingual nature of content, along with the varying cultural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Minh Duc Bui , Katharina von der Wense , Anne Lauscher

Machine learning (ML)-based content moderation tools are essential to keep online spaces free from hateful communication. Yet, ML tools can only be as capable as the quality of the data they are trained on allows them. While there is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Zehui Yu , Indira Sen , Dennis Assenmacher , Mattia Samory , Leon Fröhling , Christina Dahn , Debora Nozza , Claudia Wagner

Internet memes have become a powerful means for individuals to express emotions, thoughts, and perspectives on social media. While often considered as a source of humor and entertainment, memes can also disseminate hateful content targeting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Eftekhar Hossain , Omar Sharif , Mohammed Moshiul Hoque , Sarah M. Preum

The increase in active users on social networking sites (SNSs) has also observed an increase in harmful content on social media sites. Harmful content is described as an inappropriate activity to harm or deceive an individual or a group of…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Gautam Kishore Shahi

Online harassment in the form of hate speech has been on the rise in recent years. Addressing the issue requires a combination of content moderation by people, aided by automatic detection methods. As content moderation is itself harmful to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Sheikh Muhammad Sarwar , Vanessa Murdock

In this paper, we present a novel hostility detection dataset in Hindi language. We collect and manually annotate ~8200 online posts. The annotated dataset covers four hostility dimensions: fake news, hate speech, offensive, and defamation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Mohit Bhardwaj , Md Shad Akhtar , Asif Ekbal , Amitava Das , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Hate speech and misinformation frequently co-occur online, amplifying prejudice and polarization. Given their scale, using Large Language Models (LLMs) to assist expert counterspeech (CS) writing has gained interest, yet prior work has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Genoveffa Martone , Helena Bonaldi , Marco Guerini