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Large reasoning models (LRMs) have recently achieved significant progress in complex reasoning tasks, aided by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards. However, LRMs often suffer from overthinking, expending excessive computation on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Chuhuai Yue , Chengqi Dong , Yinan Gao , Hang He , Jiajun Chai , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin

Mapping natural language instructions to programs that computers can process is a fundamental challenge. Existing approaches focus on likelihood-based training or using reinforcement learning to fine-tune models based on a single reward. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Sayan Ghosh , Shashank Srivastava

We introduce a new setting, the category of $\omega$PAP spaces, for reasoning denotationally about expressive differentiable and probabilistic programming languages. Our semantics is general enough to assign meanings to most practical…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Mathieu Huot , Alexander K. Lew , Vikash K. Mansinghka , Sam Staton

Mathematical problem solving is a fundamental benchmark for assessing the reasoning capabilities of artificial intelligence and a gateway to applications in education, science, and engineering where reliable symbolic reasoning is essential.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Aditya Basarkar , Benyamin Tabarsi , Tiffany Barnes , Dongkuan Xu

Probabilistic programs encode stochastic models as ordinary-looking programs with primitives for sampling numbers from predefined distributions and conditioning. Their applications include, among many others, machine learning and modeling…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Dominik Geißler , Tobias Winkler

We establish an assume-guarantee (AG) framework for compositional reasoning about multi-objective queries in parametric probabilistic automata (pPA) - an extension to probabilistic automata (PA), where transition probabilities are functions…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Hannah Mertens , Tim Quatmann , Joost-Pieter Katoen

Describing systems in terms of choices and their resulting costs and rewards offers the promise of freeing algorithm designers and programmers from specifying how those choices should be made; in implementations, the choices can be realized…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Martin Abadi , Gordon Plotkin

While recent advances have boosted LM proficiency in linguistic benchmarks, LMs consistently struggle to reason correctly on complex tasks like mathematics. We turn to Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) as a method with which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Sarah Pan , Vladislav Lialin , Sherin Muckatira , Anna Rumshisky

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms assume that users specify tasks by manually writing down a reward function. However, this process can be laborious and demands considerable technical expertise. Can we devise RL algorithms that instead…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Benjamin Eysenbach , Sergey Levine , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

We present the first general purpose framework for marginal maximum a posteriori estimation of probabilistic program variables. By using a series of code transformations, the evidence of any probabilistic program, and therefore of any…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-07-17 Tom Rainforth , Tuan Anh Le , Jan-Willem van de Meent , Michael A. Osborne , Frank Wood

Current approaches for training Process Reward Models (PRMs) often involve breaking down responses into multiple reasoning steps using rule-based techniques, such as using predefined placeholder tokens or setting the reasoning step's length…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Yuliang Liu , Junjie Lu , Zhaoling Chen , Chaofeng Qu , Jason Klein Liu , Chonghan Liu , Zefan Cai , Yunhui Xia , Li Zhao , Jiang Bian , Chuheng Zhang , Wei Shen , Zhouhan Lin

We propose a new formal language for the expressive representation of probabilistic knowledge based on Answer Set Programming (ASP). It allows for the annotation of first-order formulas as well as ASP rules and facts with probabilities and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-05-06 Matthias Nickles , Alessandra Mileo

Probabilistic programming provides a convenient lingua franca for writing succinct and rigorous descriptions of probabilistic models and inference tasks. Several probabilistic programming languages, including Anglican, Church or Hakaru,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Tetsuya Sato , Alejandro Aguirre , Gilles Barthe , Marco Gaboardi , Deepak Garg , Justin Hsu

We present an approach called Q-probing to adapt a pre-trained language model to maximize a task-specific reward function. At a high level, Q-probing sits between heavier approaches such as finetuning and lighter approaches such as few shot…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Kenneth Li , Samy Jelassi , Hugh Zhang , Sham Kakade , Martin Wattenberg , David Brandfonbrener

In many real-world applications, the reward function is too complex to be manually specified. In such cases, reward functions must instead be learned from human feedback. Since the learned reward may fail to represent user preferences, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Erik Jenner , Adam Gleave

Recent years have seen considerable advancements in multi-step reasoning with Large Language Models (LLMs). The previous studies have elucidated the merits of integrating feedback or search mechanisms during model inference to improve the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Qianli Ma , Haotian Zhou , Tingkai Liu , Jianbo Yuan , Pengfei Liu , Yang You , Hongxia Yang

The current trends in next-generation exascale systems go towards integrating a wide range of specialized (co-)processors into traditional supercomputers. Due to the efficiency of heterogeneous systems in terms of Watts and FLOPS per…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-01-26 Guillermo Vigueras , Manuel Carro , Salvador Tamarit , Julio Mariño

Reasoning about uncertainty is vital in many real-life autonomous systems. However, current state-of-the-art planning algorithms cannot either reason about uncertainty explicitly, or do so with a high computational burden. Here, we focus on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-31 Moran Barenboim , Vadim Indelman

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong reasoning abilities in mathematical tasks, often enhanced through reinforcement learning (RL). However, RL-trained models frequently produce unnecessarily long reasoning traces -- even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Jinyan Su , Claire Cardie

Current alignment pipelines presume a single, universal notion of desirable behavior. However, human preferences often diverge across users, contexts, and cultures. As a result, disagreement collapses into the majority signal and minority…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Daniel Halpern , Evi Micha , Ariel D. Procaccia , Itai Shapira