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Aligning large language models (LLMs) to diverse human preferences is fundamentally challenging since criteria can often conflict with each other. Inference-time alignment methods have recently gained popularity as they allow LLMs to be…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-03 Shokichi Takakura , Akifumi Wachi , Rei Higuchi , Kohei Miyaguchi , Taiji Suzuki

Large language models encode impressively broad world knowledge in their parameters. However, the knowledge in static language models falls out of date, limiting the model's effective "shelf life." While online fine-tuning can reduce this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Nathan Hu , Eric Mitchell , Christopher D. Manning , Chelsea Finn

Recent text-to-image (T2I) diffusion models have achieved remarkable advancement, yet faithfully following complex textual descriptions remains challenging due to insufficient interactions between textual and visual features. Prior…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Binglei Li , Mengping Yang , Zhiyu Tan , Junping Zhang , Hao Li

In this paper, we propose Singular Values and Orthonormal Regularized Singular Vectors Adaptation, or SORSA, a novel parameter efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) method. Each SORSA adapter consists of two main parts: trainable principal singular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yang Cao , Zhao Song

Since the release of T\"ULU [Wang et al., 2023b], open resources for instruction tuning have developed quickly, from better base models to new finetuning techniques. We test and incorporate a number of these advances into T\"ULU, resulting…

In Large Language Model (LLM) development, Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is crucial for aligning models with human values and preferences. RLHF traditionally relies on the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Atoosa Chegini , Hamid Kazemi , Iman Mirzadeh , Dong Yin , Maxwell Horton , Moin Nabi , Mehrdad Farajtabar , Keivan Alizadeh

Long-context capability and computational efficiency are among the central challenges facing today's large language models. Existing efficient attention methods reduce computational complexity, but they typically suffer from a limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yunao Zheng , Xiaojie Wang , Lei Ren , Wei Chen

Text-to-audio (T2A) generation has advanced considerably in recent years, yet existing methods continue to face challenges in accurately rendering complex text prompts, particularly those involving intricate audio effects, and achieving…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-03 Yi Gu , Yanqing Liu , Chen Yang , Sheng Zhao

Reinforcement learning for agentic large language models (LLMs) typically relies on a sparse, trajectory-level outcome reward, making it difficult to evaluate the contribution of individual tool-calls within multi-turn interactions.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Dingwei Chen , Zefang Zong , Zhipeng Ma , Leo Luo , Yang Li , Chengming Li , Peng Chen , Jie Jiang

Despite the significant role text-to-motion (T2M) generation plays across various applications, current methods involve a large number of parameters and suffer from slow inference speeds, leading to high usage costs. To address this, we aim…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Ling-An Zeng , Guohong Huang , Gaojie Wu , Wei-Shi Zheng

Large language models (LLMs) excel at language understanding and generation, but their enormous computational and memory requirements hinder deployment. Compression offers a potential solution to mitigate these constraints. However, most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Huanrong Liu , Chunlin Tian , Xuyang Wei , Qingbiao Li , Li Li

Reinforcement learning (RL) excels in optimizing policies for discrete-time Markov decision processes (MDP). However, various systems are inherently continuous in time, making discrete-time MDPs an inexact modeling choice. In many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Lenart Treven , Bhavya Sukhija , Yarden As , Florian Dörfler , Andreas Krause

Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems are increasingly taking the form of sophisticated modular pipelines, e.g., Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG), where each module may involve a distinct Language Model (LM) and an associated prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Dilara Soylu , Christopher Potts , Omar Khattab

Each LoRA checkpoint compactly stores task-specific updates in low-rank weight matrices, offering an efficient way to adapt large language models to new tasks and domains. In principle, these weights already encode what the adapter does and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Xiaolong Han , Ferrante Neri , Zijian Jiang , Fang Wu , Yanfang Ye , Lu Yin , Zehong Wang

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) gain speed by committing multiple tokens in parallel at each denoising step, but any erroneous commitment persists as conditioning context and biases every subsequent prediction. LLaDA2.1 repairs such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Lin Yao

Rule-based adaptation is a foundational approach to self-adaptation, characterized by its human readability and rapid response. However, building high-performance and robust adaptation rules is often a challenge because it essentially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Yusei Ishimizu , Jialong Li , Jinglue Xu , Jinyu Cai , Hitoshi Iba , Kenji Tei

Pre-training large language models (LLMs) necessitates enormous diverse textual corpora, making effective data selection a key challenge for balancing computational resources and model performance. Current methodologies primarily emphasize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Xiaoxuan Zhu , Zhouhong Gu , Baiqian Wu , Suhang Zheng , Tao Wang , Tianyu Li , Hongwei Feng , Yanghua Xiao

Safety alignment in Large Language Models (LLMs) remains highly fragile during fine-tuning, where even benign adaptation can degrade pre-trained refusal behaviors and enable harmful responses. Existing defenses typically constrain either…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Songping Peng , Zhiheng Zhang , Daojian Zeng , Lincheng Jiang , Xieping Gao

Finding appropriate prompts for the specific task has become an important issue as the usage of Large Language Models (LLM) has expanded. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is widely used for prompt tuning, but its inherent instability and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Minchan Kwon , Gaeun Kim , Jongsuk Kim , Haeil Lee , Junmo Kim

Large language model (LLM)-enhanced recommendation models inject LLM representations into backbone recommenders to exploit rich item text without inference-time LLM cost. However, we find that existing LLM-enhanced methods significantly…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zhangchi Zhu , Wei Zhang