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Reinforcement Learning (RL) has proven highly effective at enhancing the complex reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet underlying mechanisms driving this success remain largely opaque. Our analysis reveals that puzzling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Haozhe Wang , Qixin Xu , Che Liu , Junhong Wu , Fangzhen Lin , Wenhu Chen

Large language model (LLM)-based agents have shown strong potential in multi-task scenarios, owing to their ability to transfer knowledge across diverse tasks. However, existing approaches often treat prior experiences and knowledge as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Shicheng Ye , Chao Yu , Kaiqiang Ke , Chengdong Xu , Yinqi Wei

The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Xinyu Zhu , Yuzhu Cai , Zexi Liu , Bingyang Zheng , Cheng Wang , Rui Ye , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan E , Siheng Chen , Yanfeng Wang

Understanding and replicating human mobility requires not only spatial-temporal accuracy but also an awareness of the cognitive hierarchy underlying real-world travel decisions. Traditional agent-based or deep learning models can reproduce…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Qiumeng Li , Chunhou Ji , Xinyue Liu

Large language model (LLM) web agents are increasingly used for web navigation but remain far from human reliability on realistic, long-horizon tasks. Existing evaluations focus primarily on end-to-end success, offering limited insight into…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Mohamed Aghzal , Gregory J. Stein , Ziyu Yao

While Large Language Models (LLM) enable non-experts to specify open-world multi-robot tasks, the generated plans often lack kinematic feasibility and are not efficient, especially in long-horizon scenarios. Formal methods like Linear…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Shuyuan Hu , Tao Lin , Kai Ye , Yang Yang , Tianwei Zhang

Training large language models (LLMs) to reason via reinforcement learning (RL) significantly improves their problem-solving capabilities. In agentic settings, existing methods like ReAct prompt LLMs to explicitly plan before every action;…

Hierarchical multi-agent systems based on large language models (LLMs) have become a common paradigm for building AI assistants in vertical domains such as e-commerce, where a master agent coordinates multiple specialized sub-agents.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Junxing Hu , Ai Han , Haolan Zhan , Pu Wei , Zhiqian Zhang , Yuhang Guo , Jiawei Lu , Zhen Chen , Haoran Li , Zicheng Zhang

Agentic RAG is a powerful technique for incorporating external information that LLMs lack, enabling better problem solving and question answering. However, suboptimal search behaviors exist widely, such as over-search (retrieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Peilin Wu , Mian Zhang , Kun Wan , Wentian Zhao , Kaiyu He , Xinya Du , Zhiyu Chen

While agent evaluation has shifted toward long-horizon tasks, most benchmarks still emphasize local, step-level reasoning rather than the global constrained optimization (e.g., time and financial budgets) that demands genuine planning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yinger Zhang , Shutong Jiang , Renhao Li , Jianhong Tu , Yang Su , Lianghao Deng , Xudong Guo , Chenxu Lv , Junyang Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements in natural language processing tasks, yet they encounter challenges in complex decision-making scenarios that require long-term reasoning and alignment with high-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Heng Dong , Kefei Duan , Chongjie Zhang

A broad use case of large language models (LLMs) is in goal-directed decision-making tasks (or "agent" tasks), where an LLM needs to not just generate completions for a given prompt, but rather make intelligent decisions over a multi-turn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Yifei Zhou , Andrea Zanette , Jiayi Pan , Sergey Levine , Aviral Kumar

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as one of the most significant technological advancements in artificial intelligence in recent years. Their ability to understand, generate, and reason with natural language has transformed how we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Yanfei Zhang

Achieving safe and coordinated behavior in dynamic, constraint-rich environments remains a major challenge for learning-based control. Pure end-to-end learning often suffers from poor sample efficiency and limited reliability, while…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-10 Max Studt , Georg Schildbach

Language model (LM)-based agents have demonstrated promising capabilities in automating complex tasks from natural language instructions, yet they continue to struggle with long-horizon planning and reasoning. To address this, we propose an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Wenyi Wu , Sibo Zhu , Kun Zhou , Biwei Huang

We introduce Agentic Reasoning, a framework that enhances large language model (LLM) reasoning by integrating external tool-using agents. Agentic Reasoning dynamically leverages web search, code execution, and structured memory to address…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Junde Wu , Jiayuan Zhu , Yuyuan Liu , Min Xu , Yueming Jin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated impressive action sequence prediction capabilities but often struggle with dynamic, long-horizon tasks such as real-time strategic games. In a game such as StarCraftII (SC2), agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Daechul Ahn , San Kim , Jonghyun Choi

Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (HRL) is well-suitedd for solving complex tasks by breaking them down into structured policies. However, HRL agents often struggle with efficient exploration and quick adaptation. To overcome these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Arash Khajooeinejad , Fatemeh Sadat Masoumi , Masoumeh Chapariniya

Collective learning can be greatly enhanced when agents effectively exchange knowledge with their peers. In particular, recent work studying agents that learn to teach other teammates has demonstrated that action advising accelerates…

Recent advancements in reinforcement learning have made significant impacts across various domains, yet they often struggle in complex multi-agent environments due to issues like algorithm instability, low sampling efficiency, and the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Cheng Xu , Changtian Zhang , Yuchen Shi , Ran Wang , Shihong Duan , Yadong Wan , Xiaotong Zhang