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The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a prominent quantum algorithm designed to find approximate solutions to combinatorial optimization problems, which are challenging for classical computers. In the current era, where…

Combinatorial optimization is among the main applications envisioned for near-term and fault-tolerant quantum computers. In this work, we consider a well-studied quantum algorithm for combinatorial optimization: the Quantum Approximate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-12 Sami Boulebnane

Constrained binary optimization aims to find an optimal assignment to minimize or maximize the objective meanwhile satisfying the constraints, which is a representative NP problem in various domains, including transportation, scheduling,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-18 Debin Xiang , Qifan Jiang , Liqiang Lu , Siwei Tan , Jianwei Yin

Combinatorial optimization is an important application targeted by quantum computing. However, near-term hardware constraints make quantum algorithms unlikely to be competitive when compared to high-performing classical heuristics on large…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-14 Charles Moussa , Hao Wang , Henri Calandra , Thomas Bäck , Vedran Dunjko

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid quantum-classical variational algorithm designed to tackle combinatorial optimization problems. Despite its promise for near-term quantum applications, not much is currently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-26 Leo Zhou , Sheng-Tao Wang , Soonwon Choi , Hannes Pichler , Mikhail D. Lukin

The ability of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) to deliver a quantum advantage on combinatorial optimization problems is still unclear. Recently, a scaling advantage over a classical solver was postulated to exist for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-02 Thorge Müller , Ajainderpal Singh , Frank K. Wilhelm , Tim Bode

There exist numerous problems in nature inherently described by finite $D$-dimensional states. Formulating these problems for execution on qubit-based quantum hardware requires mapping the qudit Hilbert space to that of multiqubit which may…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-23 Shakib Daryanoosh

The Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) is a widely studied quantum-classical iterative heuristic for combinatorial optimisation. While QAOA targets problems in complexity class NP, the classical optimisation procedure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-12 Tom Krüger , Wolfgang Mauerer

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a well-known hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for combinatorial optimization problems. Improving QAOA involves enhancing its approximation ratio while addressing practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-07 Yukun Wang , ZeYang Li , Linchun Wan

The design of fast algorithms for combinatorial optimization greatly contributes to a plethora of domains such as logistics, finance, and chemistry. Quantum approximate optimization algorithms (QAOAs), which utilize the power of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-25 Zeqiao Zhou , Yuxuan Du , Xinmei Tian , Dacheng Tao

Quantum computing promises solutions to classically difficult and new-found problems through controlling the subtleties of quantum computing. The Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) is a recently proposed quantum algorithm…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-24 Nicholas J. Pritchard

We introduce the Constraint-Enhanced Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (CE-QAOA), a shallow, constraint-aware ansatz that operates inside the one-hot product space [n]^m, where m is the number of blocks and each block is…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Chinonso Onah , Roman Firt , Kristel Michielsen

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a highly promising variational quantum algorithm that aims to solve combinatorial optimization problems that are classically intractable. This comprehensive review offers an overview…

Quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) has shown promise in solving combinatorial optimization problems by providing quantum speedup on near-term gate-based quantum computing systems. However, QAOA faces challenges for…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Seongmin Kim , Vincent R. Pascuzzi , Zhihao Xu , Tengfei Luo , Eungkyu Lee , In-Saeng Suh

We study fundamental limitations of the generic Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) on constrained problems where valid solutions form a low dimensional manifold inside the Boolean hypercube, and we present a provable route to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Chinonso Onah , Kristel Michielsen

The quantum approximate optimisation algorithm (QAOA) is at the core of many scenarios that aim to combine the power of quantum computers and classical high-performance computing appliances for combinatorial optimisation. Several obstacles…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-26 Simon Thelen , Hila Safi , Wolfgang Mauerer

Quantum optimization allows for up to exponential quantum speedups for specific, possibly industrially relevant problems. As the key algorithm in this field, we motivate and discuss the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA),…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Jonas Stein , Maximilian Zorn , Leo Sünkel , Thomas Gabor

Variational quantum algorithms are believed to be promising for solving computationally hard problems and are often comprised of repeated layers of quantum gates. An example thereof is the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA),…

Quantum computing holds promise for outperforming classical computing in specialized applications such as optimization. With current Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices, only variational quantum algorithms like the Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Daniel Müssig , Markus Wappler , Steve Lenk , Jörg Lässig

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a leading variational approach to combinatorial optimization, but its practical performance depends strongly on objective design, parameter search, and shot allocation. We present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-09 Siran Zhang , Shuming Cheng