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Discovering causal structures among latent factors from observed data is a particularly challenging problem. Despite some efforts for this problem, existing methods focus on the single-domain data only. In this paper, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Yan Zeng , Shohei Shimizu , Ruichu Cai , Feng Xie , Michio Yamamoto , Zhifeng Hao

Understanding the factors that trigger or prevent undesirable health outcomes across patient subpopulations is essential for designing targeted interventions. While randomized controlled trials and expert-led patient interviews are standard…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Shishir Adhikari , Guido Muscioni , Mark Shapiro , Plamen Petrov , Elena Zheleva

Complex dynamical systems are prevalent in many scientific disciplines. In the analysis of such systems two aspects are of particular interest: 1) the temporal patterns along which they evolve and 2) the underlying causal mechanisms.…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-31 Nicolas-Domenic Reiter , Andreas Gerhardus , Jakob Runge

Causal discovery for purely observational, categorical data is a long-standing challenging problem. Unlike continuous data, the vast majority of existing methods for categorical data focus on inferring the Markov equivalence class only,…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-20 Yang Ni , Bani Mallick

This paper studies causal discovery in irregularly sampled time series-a key challenge in risk-sensitive domains like finance, healthcare, and climate science, where missing data and inconsistent sampling frequencies distort causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Weihong Li , Baohong Li , Anpeng Wu , Zhihan Li , Ming Ma , Keting Yin , Kun Kuang

Causal discovery has been widely studied, yet many existing methods rely on strong assumptions or fall into two extremes: either depending on costly interventional signals or partial ground truth as strong priors, or adopting purely data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Wenbo Xu , Yue He , Yunhai Wang , Xingxuan Zhang , Kun Kuang , Yueguo Chen , Peng Cui

We present a workflow for clinical data analysis that relies on Bayesian Structure Learning (BSL), an unsupervised learning approach, robust to noise and biases, that allows to incorporate prior medical knowledge into the learning process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Elisa Ferrari , Luna Gargani , Greta Barbieri , Lorenzo Ghiadoni , Francesco Faita , Davide Bacciu

Methods of causal discovery aim to identify causal structures in a data driven way. Existing algorithms are known to be unstable and sensitive to statistical errors, and are therefore rarely used with biomedical or epidemiological data. We…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-01 Christine W Bang , Janine Witte , Ronja Foraita , Vanessa Didelez

We consider the problem of causal discovery (a.k.a., causal structure learning) in a multi-domain setting. We assume that the causal functions are invariant across the domains, while the distribution of the exogenous noise may vary. Under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Kasra Jalaldoust , Saber Salehkaleybar , Negar Kiyavash

In this paper, we analyze the applicability of the Causal Identification algorithm to causal time series graphs with latent confounders. Since these graphs extend over infinitely many time steps, deciding whether causal effects across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Erik Jahn , Karthik Karnik , Leonard J. Schulman

Personalized healthcare decisions require reasoning about how physiological and behavioral variables influence an individual patient over time. Existing temporal causal discovery methods are poorly matched to this setting: cohort-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Elahe Khatibi , Ziyu Wang , Saba A. Farahani , Di Huang , Hung Cao , Ramesh Jain , Amir M. Rahmani

The aim in many sciences is to understand the mechanisms that underlie the observed distribution of variables, starting from a set of initial hypotheses. Causal discovery allows us to infer mechanisms as sets of cause and effect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Ashka Shah , Adela DePavia , Nathaniel Hudson , Ian Foster , Rick Stevens

We are not only observers but also actors of reality. Our capability to intervene and alter the course of some events in the space and time surrounding us is an essential component of how we build our model of the world. In this doctoral…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Gilles Blondel

Discovering causal relationship using multivariate functional data has received a significant amount of attention very recently. In this article, we introduce a functional linear structural equation model for causal structure learning when…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-01 Saptarshi Roy , Raymond K. W. Wong , Yang Ni

Learning causality from observational data has received increasing interest across various scientific fields. However, most existing methods assume the absence of latent confounders and restrict the underlying causal graph to be acyclic,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-18 Wei Jin , Lang Lang , Amanda B. Spence , Leah H. Rubin , Yanxun Xu

Efficient and reliable beam alignment is a critical requirement for mmWave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, especially in 6G and beyond, where communication must be fast, adaptive, and resilient to real-world uncertainties.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Nasir Khan , Asmaa Abdallah , Abdulkadir Celik , Ahmed M. Eltawil , Sinem Coleri

Discovering causal structures with latent variables from observational data is a fundamental challenge in causal discovery. Existing methods often rely on constraint-based, iterative discrete searches, limiting their scalability to large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Parjanya Prashant , Ignavier Ng , Kun Zhang , Biwei Huang

Functional connectivity (FC) has become a primary means of understanding brain functions by identifying brain network interactions and, ultimately, how those interactions produce cognitions. A popular definition of FC is by statistical…

The traditional two-stage approach to causal inference first identifies a single causal model (or equivalence class of models), which is then used to answer causal queries. However, this neglects any epistemic model uncertainty. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Christian Toth , Christian Knoll , Franz Pernkopf , Robert Peharz

Causal discovery from observational data is pivotal for deciphering complex relationships. Causal Structure Learning (CSL), which focuses on deriving causal Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) from data, faces challenges due to vast DAG spaces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Taiyu Ban , Lyuzhou Chen , Derui Lyu , Xiangyu Wang , Huanhuan Chen