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The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standard for connecting Large Language Models (LLMs) to external tools and data. However, MCP servers often expose privileged capabilities, such as file system access, network requests, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Charoes Huang , Xin Huang , Amin Milani Fard

Medical calculators are fundamental to quantitative, evidence-based clinical practice. However, their real-world use is an adaptive, multi-stage process, requiring proactive EHR data acquisition, scenario-dependent calculator selection, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yakun Zhu , Yutong Huang , Shengqian Qin , Zhongzhen Huang , Shaoting Zhang , Xiaofan Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into real-world applications via the Model Context Protocol (MCP), a universal open standard for connecting AI agents with data sources and external tools. While MCP enhances the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Yixuan Yang , Cuifeng Gao , Daoyuan Wu , Yufan Chen , Yingjiu Li , Shuai Wang

Large language models are increasingly used as orchestrators of external tools via the Model Context Protocol (MCP), but MCP is built for software services with megabytes of memory and does not descend to the microcontrollers that dominate…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Dongxu Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly augmented with external tools through standardized interfaces like the Model Context Protocol (MCP). However, current MCP implementations face critical limitations: they typically require local…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Arash Ahmadi , Sarah Sharif , Yaser M. Banad

Computational data governance aims to make the enforcement of governance policies and legal obligations more efficient and reliable. Recent advances in natural language processing and agentic AI offer ways to improve how organizations share…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Marco Tonnarelli , Filippo Scaramuzza , Simon Harrer , Linus W. Dietz

The integration of large language models (LLMs) into scientific research is accelerating the realization of autonomous ``AI Scientists.'' While recent advancements have empowered AI to formulate hypotheses and design experiments, a critical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Masaki Shiraishi , Ikko Hamamura , Tatsuya Ishigaki , Tadashi Kadowaki

Bioinformatics tools are essential for complex computational biology tasks, yet their integration with emerging AI-agent frameworks is hindered by incompatible interfaces, heterogeneous input-output formats, and inconsistent parameter…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-10-03 Florensia Widjaja , Zhangtianyi Chen , Juexiao Zhou

Agentic AI systems built around large language models (LLMs) are moving away from closed, single-model frameworks and toward open ecosystems that connect a variety of agents, external tools, and resources. The Model Context Protocol (MCP)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xinyi Hou , Shenao Wang , Yifan Zhang , Ziluo Xue , Yanjie Zhao , Cai Fu , Haoyu Wang

We present M^3-Bench, the first benchmark for evaluating multimodal tool use under the Model Context Protocol. The benchmark targets realistic, multi-hop and multi-threaded workflows that require visual grounding and textual reasoning,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yang Zhou , Mingyu Zhao , Zhenting Wang , Difei Gu , Bangwei Guo , Ruosong Ye , Ligong Han , Can Jin , Dimitris N. Metaxas

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standardized interface enabling seamless integration between Large Language Models (LLMs) and external data sources and tools. While MCP significantly reduces development complexity and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Bin Wang , Zexin Liu , Hao Yu , Ao Yang , Yenan Huang , Jing Guo , Huangsheng Cheng , Hui Li , Huiyu Wu

Model Context Protocol (MCP) have quickly become the interface layer between LLM agents and external tools, yet they also introduce unsafe data flows that existing analyzers handle poorly. Vulnerabilities manifest in two directions:…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Xinyi Hou , Yanjie Zhao , Haoyu Wang

Data plays a vital role in machine learning studies. In the research of recommendation, both user behaviors and side information are helpful to model users. So, large-scale real scenario datasets with abundant user behaviors will contribute…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Bin Hao , Min Zhang , Weizhi Ma , Shaoyun Shi , Xinxing Yu , Houzhi Shan , Yiqun Liu , Shaoping Ma

The rapid development of LLMs coupled with the introduction of Model Context Protocol (MCP) has revolutionized how intelligent agents interact with APIs through deterministic and structured methods \cite{ModelContextProtocolIntro2025}.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Aditya Pujara , Xiaogang Zhu , Hsiang-Ting Chen

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduces a standard specification that defines how Foundation Model (FM)-based agents should interact with external systems by invoking tools. However, to understand a tool's purpose and features, FMs rely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Mohammed Mehedi Hasan , Hao Li , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Bram Adams , Ahmed E. Hassan

As Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduces an easy-to-use ecosystem for users and developers, it also brings underexplored safety risks. Its decentralized architecture, which separates clients and servers, poses unique challenges for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Huihao Jing , Haoran Li , Wenbin Hu , Qi Hu , Heli Xu , Tianshu Chu , Peizhao Hu , Yangqiu Song

AI assistants can decompose multi-step workflows, but they do not natively speak industrial protocols such as Modbus, MQTT/Sparkplug B, or OPC UA, so this paper presents INDUSTRICONNECT, a prototype suite of Model Context Protocol (MCP)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Melwin Xavier , Melveena Jolly , Vaisakh M A , Midhun Xavier

Model Context Protocols (MCPs) provide a unified platform for agent systems to discover, select, and orchestrate tools across heterogeneous execution environments. As MCP-based systems scale to incorporate larger tool catalogs and multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Yuval Felendler , Parth A. Gandhi , Idan Habler , Yuval Elovici , Asaf Shabtai

Large Language Models (LLMs) consume vast quantities of human-generated content for both training and real-time inference, yet the creators of that content remain largely invisible in the value chain. Existing approaches to data attribution…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Praneel Panchigar , Torlach Rush , Matthew Canabarro

Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standard interface for connecting LLM agents to external tools. Because MCP servers expose privileged operations such as shell execution, network access, and file-system manipulation to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Pengyu Sun , Qishu Jin , Enhao Huang , Zifeng Kang , Xin Liu , Dakun Shen , Song Li