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Recent advances in large language models enable documents to be represented as dense semantic embeddings, supporting similarity-based operations over large text collections. However, many web-scale systems still rely on flat clustering or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Thomas Haschka , Joseph Bakarji

Document images often have intricate layout structures, with numerous content regions (e.g. texts, figures, tables) densely arranged on each page. This makes the manual annotation of layout datasets expensive and inefficient. These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Zejiang Shen , Jian Zhao , Melissa Dell , Yaoliang Yu , Weining Li

In large technology companies, the requirements for managing and organizing technical documents created by engineers and managers have increased dramatically in recent years, which has led to a higher demand for more scalable, accurate, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Shuo Jiang , Jie Hu , Christopher L. Magee , Jianxi Luo

Retrieving relevant documents from a corpus is typically based on the semantic similarity between the document content and query text. The inclusion of structural relationship between documents can benefit the retrieval mechanism by…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Natraj Raman , Sameena Shah , Manuela Veloso

Document images are a ubiquitous source of data where the text is organized in a complex hierarchical structure ranging from fine granularity (e.g., words), medium granularity (e.g., regions such as paragraphs or figures), to coarse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Zilong Wang , Jiuxiang Gu , Chris Tensmeyer , Nikolaos Barmpalios , Ani Nenkova , Tong Sun , Jingbo Shang , Vlad I. Morariu

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) is essential for adapting Large Language Models (LLMs). In practice, LLMs are often required to handle a diverse set of tasks from multiple domains, a scenario naturally addressed by multi-task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Jinda Liu , Bo Cheng , Yi Chang , Yuan Wu

Document visual question answering (DocVQA) pipelines that answer questions from documents have broad applications. Existing methods focus on handling single-page documents with multi-modal language models (MLMs), or rely on text-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Jaemin Cho , Debanjan Mahata , Ozan Irsoy , Yujie He , Mohit Bansal

Visually Rich Document Understanding (VRDU) has become a pivotal area of research, driven by the need to automatically interpret documents that contain intricate visual, textual, and structural elements. Recently, Multimodal Large Language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Yihao Ding , Siwen Luo , Yue Dai , Yanbei Jiang , Zechuan Li , Qiang Sun , Geoffrey Martin , Wei Liu , Yifan Peng

Understanding complex multimodal documents remains challenging due to their structural inconsistencies and limited training data availability. We introduce \textit{DocsRay}, a training-free document understanding system that integrates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Hyeon Seong Jeong , Sangwoo Jo , Byeong Hyun Yoon , Yoonseok Heo , Haedong Jeong , Taehoon Kim

The information available on web pages mostly contains semi-structured text documents which are represented either in XML, or HTML, or XHTML format that lacks formatted document structure. The document does not discriminate between the text…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2014-03-11 Sandeep Sirsat

In enterprise datasets, documents are rarely pure. They are not just text, nor just numbers; they are a complex amalgam of narrative and structure. Current Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems have attempted to address this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Alex Dantart , Marco Kóvacs-Navarro

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses rely on converting narrative articles into structured, numerically grounded study records. Despite rapid advances in large language models (LLMs), it remains unclear whether they can meet the structural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Zhiyin Tan , Jennifer D'Souza

Most recently, researchers have started building large language models (LLMs) powered data systems that allow users to analyze unstructured text documents like working with a database because LLMs are very effective in extracting attributes…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Zhaoze Sun , Qiyan Deng , Chengliang Chai , Kaisen Jin , Xinyu Guo , Han Han , Ye Yuan , Guoren Wang , Lei Cao

Document layout understanding remains data-intensive despite advances in semi-supervised learning. We present a framework that enhances semi-supervised detection by fusing visual predictions with structural priors from text-pretrained LLMs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Ibne Farabi Shihab , Sanjeda Akter , Anuj Sharma

Element-based topology optimization algorithms capable of generating smooth boundaries have drawn serious attention given the significance of accurate boundary information in engineering applications. The basic framework of a new…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2021-01-11 Yun-Fei Fu , Bernard Rolfe , Ngai Sum Louis Chiu , Yanan Wang , Xiaodong Huang , Kazem Ghabraie

Legal documents are unstructured, use legal jargon, and have considerable length, making them difficult to process automatically via conventional text processing techniques. A legal document processing system would benefit substantially if…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Vijit Malik , Rishabh Sanjay , Shouvik Kumar Guha , Angshuman Hazarika , Shubham Nigam , Arnab Bhattacharya , Ashutosh Modi

This thesis tackles the problem of learning efficient representations of complex, structured data with a natural application to web page and element classification. We hypothesise that the context around the element inside the web page is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Cedric Cook

Source-free domain adaptation (SFDA), where only a pre-trained source model is used to adapt to the target distribution, is a more general approach to achieving domain adaptation in the real world. However, it can be challenging to capture…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Chunwei Wu , Guitao Cao , Yan Li , Xidong Xi , Wenming Cao , Hong Wang

Question answering over visually rich documents (VRDs) requires reasoning not only over isolated content but also over documents' structural organization and cross-page dependencies. However, conventional retrieval-augmented generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhivar Sourati , Zheng Wang , Marianne Menglin Liu , Yazhe Hu , Mengqing Guo , Sujeeth Bharadwaj , Kyu Han , Tao Sheng , Sujith Ravi , Morteza Dehghani , Dan Roth

When searching for information, a human reader first glances over a document, spots relevant sections and then focuses on a few sentences for resolving her intention. However, the high variance of document structure complicates to identify…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-14 Sebastian Arnold , Rudolf Schneider , Philippe Cudré-Mauroux , Felix A. Gers , Alexander Löser
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