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In computational pathology, several foundation models have recently emerged and demonstrated enhanced learning capability for analyzing pathology images. However, adapting these models to various downstream tasks remains challenging,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Jeaung Lee , Jeewoo Lim , Keunho Byeon , Jin Tae Kwak

This article discusses the opportunities, applications and future directions of large-scale pre-trained models, i.e., foundation models, for analyzing medical images. Medical foundation models have immense potential in solving a wide range…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-23 Shaoting Zhang , Dimitris Metaxas

From self-supervised, vision-only models to contrastive visual-language frameworks, computational pathology has rapidly evolved in recent years. Generative AI "co-pilots" now demonstrate the ability to mine subtle, sub-visual tissue cues…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Mohsin Bilal , Aadam , Manahil Raza , Youssef Altherwy , Anas Alsuhaibani , Abdulrahman Abduljabbar , Fahdah Almarshad , Paul Golding , Nasir Rajpoot

Foundation models have emerged as a powerful paradigm in computational pathology (CPath), enabling scalable and generalizable analysis of histopathological images. While early developments centered on uni-modal models trained solely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Dong Li , Guihong Wan , Xintao Wu , Xinyu Wu , Xiaohui Chen , Yi He , Christine G. Lian , Peter K. Sorger , Yevgeniy R. Semenov , Chen Zhao

Recent breakthroughs in self-supervised learning have enabled the use of large unlabeled datasets to train visual foundation models that can generalize to a variety of downstream tasks. While this training paradigm is well suited for the…

Foundation models, large-scale, pre-trained deep-learning models adapted to a wide range of downstream tasks have gained significant interest lately in various deep-learning problems undergoing a paradigm shift with the rise of these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Bobby Azad , Reza Azad , Sania Eskandari , Afshin Bozorgpour , Amirhossein Kazerouni , Islem Rekik , Dorit Merhof

Despite their successes in vision and language, foundation models have stumbled in pathology, revealing low accuracy, instability, and heavy computational demands. These shortcomings stem not from tuning problems but from deeper conceptual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Hamid R. Tizhoosh

Computational pathology foundation models (CPathFMs) have emerged as a powerful approach for analyzing histopathological data, leveraging self-supervised learning to extract robust feature representations from unlabeled whole-slide images.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Dong Li , Guihong Wan , Xintao Wu , Xinyu Wu , Ajit J. Nirmal , Christine G. Lian , Peter K. Sorger , Yevgeniy R. Semenov , Chen Zhao

The field of computational pathology has recently seen rapid advances driven by the development of modern vision foundation models (FMs), typically trained on vast collections of pathology images. Recent studies demonstrate that increasing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Mikhail Karasikov , Joost van Doorn , Nicolas Känzig , Melis Erdal Cesur , Hugo Mark Horlings , Robert Berke , Fei Tang , Sebastian Otálora

Pathology Foundation Models (FMs) hold great promise for healthcare. Before they can be used in clinical practice, it is essential to ensure they are robust to variations between medical centers. We measure whether pathology FMs focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Edwin D. de Jong , Eric Marcus , Jonas Teuwen

Foundation models have revolutionized the paradigm of digital pathology, as they leverage general-purpose features to emulate real-world pathological practices, enabling the quantitative analysis of critical histological patterns and the…

Pathology foundation models substantially advanced the possibilities in computational pathology -- yet tradeoffs in terms of performance, robustness, and computational requirements remained, which limited their clinical deployment. In this…

Pathology foundation models (PFMs) have become central to computational pathology, aiming to offer general encoders for feature extraction from whole-slide images (WSIs). Despite strong benchmark performance, PFM robustness to real-world…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-08 Erik Thiringer , Fredrik K. Gustafsson , Kajsa Ledesma Eriksson , Mattias Rantalainen

Advances in foundation modeling have reshaped computational pathology. However, the increasing number of available models and lack of standardized benchmarks make it increasingly complex to assess their strengths, limitations, and potential…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Andrew Zhang , Guillaume Jaume , Anurag Vaidya , Tong Ding , Faisal Mahmood

Foundation models in digital pathology use massive datasets to learn useful compact feature representations of complex histology images. However, there is limited transparency into what drives the correlation between dataset size and…

Driven by the recent advances in deep learning methods and, in particular, by the development of modern self-supervised learning algorithms, increased interest and efforts have been devoted to build foundation models (FMs) for medical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-24 kaiko. ai , Nanne Aben , Edwin D. de Jong , Ioannis Gatopoulos , Nicolas Känzig , Mikhail Karasikov , Axel Lagré , Roman Moser , Joost van Doorn , Fei Tang

Computational pathology, which involves analyzing whole slide images for automated cancer diagnosis, relies on multiple instance learning, where performance depends heavily on the feature extractor and aggregator. Recent Pathology…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Conghao Xiong , Hao Chen , Joseph J. Y. Sung

Pathology has played a crucial role in the diagnosis and evaluation of patient tissue samples obtained from surgeries and biopsies for many years. The advent of Whole Slide Scanners and the development of deep learning technologies have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Mieko Ochi , Daisuke Komura , Shumpei Ishikawa

Foundation models are reshaping computational pathology by enabling transfer learning, where models pre-trained on vast datasets can be adapted for downstream diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic response tasks. Despite these advances,…

We survey applications of pretrained foundation models in robotics. Traditional deep learning models in robotics are trained on small datasets tailored for specific tasks, which limits their adaptability across diverse applications. In…

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