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Advances in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) enable sequential decision making for a range of exciting multi-agent applications such as cooperative AI and autonomous driving. Explaining agent decisions is crucial for improving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Kayla Boggess , Sarit Kraus , Lu Feng

Recently, some challenging tasks in multi-agent systems have been solved by some hierarchical reinforcement learning methods. Inspired by the intra-level and inter-level coordination in the human nervous system, we propose a novel value…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Zhiwei Xu , Yunpeng Bai , Bin Zhang , Dapeng Li , Guoliang Fan

Reinforcement learning has increasingly been applied to economic decision-making, including taxation, public spending, and labor supply. However, existing RL-based economic models typically consider only a single government-household group,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Honglei Guo , Yuhan Zhao , Yexin Li

Multi-agent systems can be extremely efficient when working concurrently and collaboratively, e.g., for delivery, surveillance, search and rescue. Coordination of such teams often involves two aspects: selecting appropriate subteams for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Qingyuan Luo , Jie Li , Meng Guo

Open-ended AI agents need to be able to learn efficiently goals of increasing complexity, abstraction and heterogeneity over their lifetime. Beyond sampling efficiently their own goals, autotelic agents specifically need to be able to keep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Thomas Carta , Clément Romac , Loris Gaven , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer , Olivier Sigaud , Sylvain Lamprier

Complex systems are ubiquitous in the real world and tend to have complicated and poorly understood dynamics. For their control issues, the challenge is to guarantee accuracy, robustness, and generalization in such bloated and troubled…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Xuehui Yu , Jingchi Jiang , Xinmiao Yu , Yi Guan , Xue Li

We consider the problem of \emph{fully decentralized} multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), where the agents are located at the nodes of a time-varying communication network. Specifically, we assume that the reward functions of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-28 Kaiqing Zhang , Zhuoran Yang , Han Liu , Tong Zhang , Tamer Başar

Multi-agent systems have evolved into practical LLM-driven collaborators for many applications, gaining robustness from diversity and cross-checking. However, multi-agent RL (MARL) training is resource-intensive and unstable: co-adapting…

Instead of making behavioral decisions directly from the exponentially expanding joint observational-action space, subtask-based multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) methods enable agents to learn how to tackle different subtasks. Most…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Wenjing Zhang , Wei Zhang

We present a decentralized reinforcement learning (RL) approach to address the multi-agent shepherding control problem, departing from the conventional assumption of cohesive target groups. Our two-layer control architecture consists of a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-29 Italo Napolitano , Andrea Lama , Francesco De Lellis , Mario di Bernardo

Achieving mission objectives in a realistic simulation of aerial combat is highly challenging due to imperfect situational awareness and nonlinear flight dynamics. In this work, we introduce a novel 3D multi-agent air combat environment and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Ardian Selmonaj , Giacomo Del Rio , Adrian Schneider , Alessandro Antonucci

Multi-agent systems (MASs) can autonomously learn to solve previously unknown tasks by means of each agent's individual intelligence as well as by collaborating and exploiting collective intelligence. This article considers a group of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-29 Michael Meindl , Fabio Molinari , Dustin Lehmann , Thomas Seel

Hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) learns to make decisions on multiple levels of temporal abstraction. A key challenge in HRL is that the low-level policy changes over time, making it difficult for the high-level policy to generate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Vivienne Huiling Wang , Tinghuai Wang , Joni Pajarinen

In cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (c-MARL), agents learn to cooperatively take actions as a team to maximize a total team reward. We analyze the robustness of c-MARL to adversaries capable of attacking one of the agents on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Jieyu Lin , Kristina Dzeparoska , Sai Qian Zhang , Alberto Leon-Garcia , Nicolas Papernot

Although Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is effective for complex multi-robot tasks, it suffers from low sample efficiency and requires iterative manual reward tuning. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Guobin Zhu , Rui Zhou , Wenkang Ji , Shiyu Zhao

Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (HRL) promises to solve long-horizon Reinforcement Learning (RL) tasks more efficiently than non-hierarchical counterparts by discovering and reusing temporally-extended skills. However, obtaining skills…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Sarthak Dayal , Abhinav Peri , Carl Qi , Claas Voelcker , Alexander Levine , Caleb Chuck , Amy Zhang

In multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), the centralized training with decentralized execution (CTDE) framework has gained widespread adoption due to its strong performance. However, the further development of CTDE faces two key…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Lunjun Liu , Weilai Jiang , Yaonan Wang

Achieving distributed reinforcement learning (RL) for large-scale cooperative multi-agent systems (MASs) is challenging because: (i) each agent has access to only limited information; (ii) issues on convergence or computational complexity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Gangshan Jing , He Bai , Jemin George , Aranya Chakrabortty , Piyush K. Sharma

Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (HRL) allows interactive agents to decompose complex problems into a hierarchy of sub-tasks. Higher-level tasks can invoke the solutions of lower-level tasks as if they were primitive actions. In this…

Hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) is hypothesized to be able to leverage the inherent hierarchy in learning tasks where traditional reinforcement learning (RL) often fails. In this research, HRL is evaluated and contrasted with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Brendon Johnson , Alfredo Weitzenfeld