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Vision-language models (VLMs) often produce chain-of-thought (CoT) explanations that sound plausible yet fail to reflect the underlying decision process, undermining trust in high-stakes clinical use. Existing evaluations rarely catch this…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced autonomous agents from deep search, which retrieves concise factual answers, to deep research, which synthesizes scattered evidence into long-form reports. However, verifiable multimodal deep…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Chenghao Zhang , Guanting Dong , Yufan Liu , Tong Zhao , Zhicheng Dou

Medical AI agents increasingly use external tools for diagnosis, treatment recommendation, and evidence retrieval, yet most existing approaches assume that task-appropriate tools are reliable within their intended scope. This assumption is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yunhui Gan , Tan Pan , Kaiyu Guo , Limei Han , Weimiao Yu , Guangnan Ye , Chen Jiang , Yuan Cheng

Evaluating large language models (LLM) in clinical scenarios is crucial to assessing their potential clinical utility. Existing benchmarks rely heavily on static question-answering, which does not accurately depict the complex, sequential…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Samuel Schmidgall , Rojin Ziaei , Carl Harris , Eduardo Reis , Jeffrey Jopling , Michael Moor

The field of artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly influencing health and healthcare, but bias and poor performance persists for populations who face widespread structural oppression. Previous work has clearly outlined the need for more…

Specialized visual tools can augment large language models or vision language models with expert knowledge (e.g., grounding, spatial reasoning, medical knowledge, etc.), but knowing which tools to call (and when to call them) can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Nithin Sivakumaran , Justin Chih-Yao Chen , David Wan , Yue Zhang , Jaehong Yoon , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal

Explainable AI (XAI) systems have been proposed to help people understand how AI systems produce outputs and behaviors. Explainable Reinforcement Learning (XRL) has an added complexity due to the temporal nature of sequential…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Madhuri Singh , Amal Alabdulkarim , Gennie Mansi , Mark O. Riedl

Trust is essential for our interactions with others but also with artificial intelligence (AI) based systems. To understand whether a user trusts an AI, researchers need reliable measurement tools. However, currently discussed markers…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Martin Johannes Dechant , Olga Lukashova-Sanz , Siegfried Wahl

Deep learning has advanced medical image classification, but interpretability challenges hinder its clinical adoption. This study enhances interpretability in Chest X-ray (CXR) classification by using concept bottleneck models (CBMs) and a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Hasan Md Tusfiqur Alam , Devansh Srivastav , Md Abdul Kadir , Daniel Sonntag

Large language models (LLMs) deployed as agents introduce significant safety risks in clinical settings due to their potential for error and single points of failure. We introduce Tiered Agentic Oversight (TAO), a hierarchical multi-agent…

Question-answering (QA) that comes naturally to humans is a critical component in seamless human-computer interaction. It has emerged as one of the most convenient and natural methods to interact with the web and is especially desirable in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Deepak Gupta

Automated interpretation of chest X-rays (CXR) is a critical task with the potential to significantly improve clinical workflow and patient care. While recent advances in multimodal foundation models have shown promise, effectively…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Alexander Davis , Rafael Souza , Jia-Hao Lim

Generative models have revolutionized Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly in multimodal applications. However, adapting these models to the medical domain poses unique challenges due to the complexity of medical data and the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Daniele Molino , Francesco di Feola , Linlin Shen , Paolo Soda , Valerio Guarrasi

One principal impediment in the successful deployment of AI-based Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems in clinical workflows is their lack of transparent decision making. Although commonly used eXplainable AI methods provide some insight…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Adriano Lucieri , Muhammad Naseer Bajwa , Stephan Alexander Braun , Muhammad Imran Malik , Andreas Dengel , Sheraz Ahmed

Advances in machine intelligence have enabled conversational interfaces that have the potential to radically change the way humans interact with machines. However, even with the progress in the abilities of these agents, there remain…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-10-17 Deepali Aneja , Rens Hoegen , Daniel McDuff , Mary Czerwinski

We present Experiment Automation Agents (EAA), a vision-language-model-driven agentic system designed to automate complex experimental microscopy workflows. EAA integrates multimodal reasoning, tool-augmented action, and optional long-term…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Ming Du , Yanqi Luo , Srutarshi Banerjee , Michael Wojcik , Jelena Popovic , Mathew J. Cherukara

Modern Artificial Intelligence (AI) increasingly relies on multi-agent architectures that blend visual and language understanding. Yet, a pressing challenge remains: How can we trust these agents especially in zero-shot settings with no…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Konstantinos I. Roumeliotis , Ranjan Sapkota , Manoj Karkee , Nikolaos D. Tselikas

Explainable deep learning models are advantageous in many situations. Prior work mostly provide unimodal explanations through post-hoc approaches not part of the original system design. Explanation mechanisms also ignore useful textual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Varun Nagaraj Rao , Xingjian Zhen , Karen Hovsepian , Mingwei Shen

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the foremost cause of mortality worldwide, a burden worsened by a severe deficit of healthcare workers. Artificial intelligence (AI) agents have shown potential to alleviate this gap through automated…

Computer Use Agents (CUAs) can act through both atomic GUI actions, such as click and type, and high-level tool calls, such as API-based file operations, but this hybrid action space often leaves them uncertain about when to continue with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xuhao Hu , Xi Zhang , Haiyang Xu , Kyle Qiao , Jingyi Yang , Xuanjing Huang , Jing Shao , Ming Yan , Jieping Ye