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Realizing universal fault-tolerant quantum computation is a key goal in quantum information science. By encoding quantum information into logical qubits utilizing quantum error correcting codes, physical errors can be detected and…

The distillation of magic states is an often-cited technique for enabling universal quantum computing once the error probability for a special subset of gates has been made negligible by other means. We present a routine for magic-state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-04-20 Adam M. Meier , Bryan Eastin , Emanuel Knill

Magic state distillation is a crucial yet resource-intensive process in fault-tolerant quantum computation. The protocol's overhead, defined as the number of input magic states required per output magic state with an error rate below…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-22 Adam Wills , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Hayata Yamasaki

Magic state distillation enables universal fault-tolerant quantum computation by implementing non-Clifford gates via the preparation of high-fidelity magic states. However, it comes at the cost of substantial logical-level overhead in both…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Diego Ruiz , Jérémie Guillaud , Christophe Vuillot , Mazyar Mirrahimi

Magic states are a scarce resource for two-dimensional qubit stabilizer codes. Magic state cultivation was recently proposed to reduce the cost of magic state preparation by measuring the transversal Clifford operator of the color code.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-11 Bence Hetényi , Benjamin J. Brown , Dominic J. Williamson

Recently we proposed a family of magic state distillation protocols that obtains asymptotic performance that is conjectured to be optimal. This family depends upon several codes, called "inner codes" and "outer codes." We presented some…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-09 Jeongwan Haah , Matthew B. Hastings , D. Poulin , D. Wecker

Magic state distillation is one of the leading candidates for implementing universal fault-tolerant logical gates. However, the distillation circuits themselves are not fault-tolerant, so there is additional cost to first implement encoded…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-22 Christopher Chamberland , Andrew W. Cross

A set of stabilizer operations augmented by some special initial states known as 'magic states', gives the possibility of universal fault-tolerant quantum computation. However, magic state preparation inevitably involves nonideal operations…

Developing space- and time-efficient logical magic state preparation protocols will likely be an essential step towards building a large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computer. Motivated by this need, we introduce a scalable method for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Samyak Surti , Lucas Daguerre , Isaac H. Kim

Magic state distillation, a process for preparing magic states needed to implement non-Clifford gates fault-tolerantly, plays a crucial role in fault-tolerant quantum computation. Historically, it has been a major bottleneck, leading to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-04 Yutaka Hirano , Keisuke Fujii

Magic state distillation is a crucial component in the leading approaches to implementing universal fault tolerant quantum computation, with existing protocols for both qubit and higher dimensional systems. Early work focused on determining…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-25 Hillary Dawkins , Mark Howard

Magic state distillation is a resource intensive subroutine that consumes noisy input states to produce high-fidelity resource states that are used to perform logical operations in practical quantum-computing architectures. The resource…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-17 Shraddha Singh , Andrew S. Darmawan , Benjamin J. Brown , Shruti Puri

Quantum computers capable of solving classically intractable problems are under construction, and intermediate-scale devices are approaching completion. Current efforts to design large-scale devices require allocating immense resources to…

Quantum algorithms for quantum chemistry map the dynamics of electrons in a molecule to the dynamics of a coupled spin system. To reach chemical accuracy for interesting molecules, a large number of quantum gates must be applied which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-02 Colin J. Trout , Kenneth R. Brown

Magic states are fundamental building blocks on the road to fault-tolerant quantum computing. CSS codes play a crucial role in the construction of magic distillation protocols. Previous work has cast quantum computing with magic states for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-03 Rhea Alexander , Si Gvirtz-Chen , Nikolaos Koukoulekidis , David Jennings

We present a theorem that shows that all useful protocols for magic state distillation output states with a fidelity that is upper-bounded by those generated by a much smaller class of protocols. This reduced class consists of the protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-02-15 Earl T. Campbell , Dan E. Browne

Quantum error correction represents a significant milestone in large-scale quantum computing, with the surface code being a prominent strategy due to its high error threshold and experimental feasibility. However, it is challenging to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-23 Zhi-Cheng He , Zheng-Yuan Xue

The overhead cost of performing universal fault-tolerant quantum computation for large scale quantum algorithms is very high. Despite several attempts at alternative schemes, magic state distillation remains one of the most efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-30 Christopher Chamberland , Kyungjoo Noh

The standard approach to fault-tolerant quantum computation is to store information in a quantum error correction code, such as the surface code, and process information using a strategy that can be summarized as distill-then-synthesize. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Earl T. Campbell , Mark Howard

Qudits offer the potential for low-overhead magic state distillation, although previous results for asymptotically good codes have required qudit dimension $q\gg 100$ or code length $\mathcal{N}\gg 100$. These parameters far exceed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-29 Michael J. Cervia , Henry Lamm , Diyi Liu , Edison M. Murairi , Shuchen Zhu