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The integration of cyber-physical systems (CPS) into everyday life raises the critical necessity of ensuring their safety and reliability. An important step in this direction is requirement mining, i.e. inferring formally specified system…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Gaia Saveri , Luca Bortolussi

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) inference learns interpretable logical rules for temporal behaviors in dynamical systems. To ensure the correctness of learned STL formulas, recent approaches have incorporated conformal prediction as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yixuan Wang , Danyang Li , Matthew Cleaveland , Roberto Tron , Mingyu Cai

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a widely adopted specification language in cyber-physical systems for expressing critical temporal requirements, such as safety conditions and response time. However, STL's expressivity is not sufficient to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Hongkai Chen , Zeyu Zhang , Shouvik Roy , Ezio Bartocci , Scott A. Smolka , Scott D. Stoller , Shan Lin

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is an expressive formal language for specifying spatio-temporal requirements over real-valued, real-time signals. It has been widely used for the verification and synthesis of autonomous systems and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Bowen Ye , Zhijian Li , Junyue Huang , Junkai Ma , Xiang Yin

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a formalism used to rigorously specify requirements of cyberphysical systems (CPS), i.e., systems mixing digital or discrete components in interaction with a continuous environment or analog com- ponents. STL…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-06-30 Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh , Alexandre Donzé , Shromona Ghosh , Xiaoqing Jin , Garvit Juniwal , Sanjit A. Seshia

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) inference seeks to extract human-interpretable rules from time-series data, but existing methods lack formal confidence guarantees for the inferred rules. Conformal prediction (CP) is a technique that can provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Danyang Li , Yixuan Wang , Matthew Cleaveland , Mingyu Cai , Roberto Tron

We investigate how formal temporal logic specifications can enhance the safety and robustness of reinforcement learning (RL) control in aerospace applications. Using the open source AeroBench F-16 simulation benchmark, we train a Proximal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Hani Beirami , M M Manjurul Islam

Multi-task learning (MTL) seeks to improve the generalized performance of learning specific tasks, exploiting useful information incorporated in related tasks. As a promising area, this paper studies an MTL-based control approach…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-01 Andres Arias , Chuangchuang Sun

This paper addresses the problem of learning optimal policies for satisfying signal temporal logic (STL) specifications by agents with unknown stochastic dynamics. The system is modeled as a Markov decision process, in which the states…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-09-26 Derya Aksaray , Austin Jones , Zhaodan Kong , Mac Schwager , Calin Belta

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a powerful formal language for specifying real-time specifications of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Transforming specifications written in natural language into STL formulas automatically has attracted…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Yue Fang , Jin Zhi , Jie An , Hongshen Chen , Xiaohong Chen , Naijun Zhan

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a formal language for describing a broad range of real-valued, temporal properties in cyber-physical systems. While there has been extensive research on verification and control synthesis from STL…

Machine learning techniques using neural networks have achieved promising success for time-series data classification. However, the models that they produce are challenging to verify and interpret. In this paper, we propose an explainable…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Danyang Li , Mingyu Cai , Cristian-Ioan Vasile , Roberto Tron

We extend Signal Temporal Logic (STL) to enable the specification of importance and priorities. The extension, called Weighted STL (wSTL), has the same qualitative (Boolean) semantics as STL, but additionally defines weights associated with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-05 Noushin Mehdipour , Cristian-Ioan Vasile , Calin Belta

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance in mathematical reasoning tasks when guided by Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting. However, they tend to produce highly confident yet incorrect outputs, which poses significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Zhenjiang Mao , Artem Bisliouk , Rohith Reddy Nama , Ivan Ruchkin

Conditional Semantic Textual Similarity (C-STS) measures the semantic proximity between text segments under a specific condition, thereby overcoming the ambiguity inherent in traditional STS. However, existing methods are largely confined…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zixin Song , Bowen Zhang , Qian-Wen Zhang , Di Yin , Xing Sun , Chunping Li

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is an efficient technique for describing temporal constraints. It can play a significant role in robotic manipulation, for example, to optimize the robot performance according to task-dependent metrics. In this…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Akshay Dhonthi , Philipp Schillinger , Leonel Rozo , Daniele Nardi

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a widely recognized formal specification language to express rigorous temporal requirements on mixed analog signals produced by cyber-physical systems (CPS). A relevant problem in CPS design is how to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Beatrice Melani , Ezio Bartocci , Michele Chiari

Real-world robotic systems must comply with safety requirements in the presence of uncertainty. To define and measure requirement adherence, Signal Temporal Logic (STL) offers a mathematically rigorous and expressive language. However,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Elizabeth Dietrich , Hanna Krasowski , Emir Cem Gezer , Roger Skjetne , Asgeir Johan Sørensen , Murat Arcak

Learning dynamical systems properties from data provides important insights that help us understand such systems and mitigate undesired outcomes. In this work, we propose a framework for learning spatio-temporal (ST) properties as formal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Suhail Alsalehi , Erfan Aasi , Ron Weiss , Calin Belta

We propose a framework based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to determine an optimal control strategy for a discrete-time system that is required to satisfy specifications given as Signal Temporal Logic (STL) formulae. RNNs can store…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-25 Wenliang Liu , Noushin Mehdipour , Calin Belta
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