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As a convention, p-value is often computed in frequentist hypothesis testing and compared with the nominal significance level of 0.05 to determine whether or not to reject the null hypothesis. The smaller the p-value, the more significant…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-02-25 Haolun Shi , Guosheng Yin

Meta-analysis can be formulated as combining $p$-values across studies into a joint $p$-value function, from which point estimates and confidence intervals can be derived. We extend the meta-analytic estimation framework based on combined…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-21 David Kronthaler , Leonhard Held

The design of a metric between probability distributions is a longstanding problem motivated by numerous applications in Machine Learning. Focusing on continuous probability distributions on the Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^d$, we introduce…

We theoretically analyze the problem of testing for $p$-hacking based on distributions of $p$-values across multiple studies. We provide general results for when such distributions have testable restrictions (are non-increasing) under the…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-05-13 Graham Elliott , Nikolay Kudrin , Kaspar Wuthrich

Let $(X,Y)$ be a random variable consisting of an observed feature vector $X\in \mathcal{X}$ and an unobserved class label $Y\in \{1,2,...,L\}$ with unknown joint distribution. In addition, let $\mathcal{D}$ be a training data set…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2008-06-26 Lutz Duembgen , Bernd-Wolfgang Igl , Axel Munk

The pseudo-marginal algorithm is a popular variant of the Metropolis--Hastings scheme which allows us to sample asymptotically from a target probability density $\pi$, when we are only able to estimate an unnormalized version of $\pi$…

Computation · Statistics 2017-07-20 George Deligiannidis , Arnaud Doucet , Michael K. Pitt

The "large p, small n" paradigm arises in microarray studies, where expression levels of thousands of genes are monitored for a small number of subjects. There has been an increasing demand for study of asymptotics for the various…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Michael R. Kosorok , Shuangge Ma

P-value functions are modern statistical tools that unify effect estimation and hypothesis testing and can provide alternative point and interval estimates compared to standard meta-analysis methods, using any of the many $p$-value…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-24 Leonhard Held , Felix Hofmann , Samuel Pawel

Combining p-values from independent statistical tests is a popular approach to meta-analysis, particularly when the data underlying the tests are either no longer available or are difficult to combine. A diverse range of p-value combination…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-12-15 Nicholas Heard , Patrick Rubin-Delanchy

In this article, we propose a new class of consistent tests for $p$-variate normality. These tests are based on the characterization of the standard multivariate normal distribution, that the Hessian of the corresponding cumulant generating…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-22 Kwun Chuen Gary Chan , Hok Kan Ling , Chuan-Fa Tang , Sheung Chi Phillip Yam

The two-trials rule in drug regulation requires statistically significant results from two pivotal trials to demonstrate efficacy. However, it is unclear how the effect estimates from both trials should be combined to quantify the drug…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-08 Samuel Pawel , Małgorzata Roos , Leonhard Held

Bimodal truncated count distributions are frequently observed in aggregate survey data and in user ratings when respondents are mixed in their opinion. They also arise in censored count data, where the highest category might create an…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-01-24 Pragya Sur , Galit Shmueli , Smarajit Bose , Paromita Dubey

There has been a wide interest to extend univariate and multivariate nonparametric procedures to clustered and hierarchical data. Traditionally, parametric mixed models have been used to account for the correlation structures among the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-03-02 Jaakko Nevalainen , Denis Larocque , Hannu Oja , Ilkka Pörsti

We propose the Pseudo-Mallows distribution over the set of all permutations of $n$ items, to approximate the posterior distribution with a Mallows likelihood. The Mallows model has been proven to be useful for recommender systems where it…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-30 Qinghua Liu , Valeria Vitelli , Carlo Mannino , Arnoldo Frigessi , Ida Scheel

Application of discrete-time survival methods for continuous-time survival prediction is considered. For this purpose, a scheme for discretization of continuous-time data is proposed by considering the quantiles of the estimated event-time…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-16 Håvard Kvamme , Ørnulf Borgan

Multivariate statistics are often available as well as necessary in hypothesis tests. We study how to use such statistics to control not only false discovery rate (FDR) but also positive FDR (pFDR) with good power. We show that FDR can be…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2008-05-21 Zhiyi Chi

Multiple hypothesis tests are often carried out in practice using p-value estimates obtained with bootstrap or permutation tests since the analytical p-values underlying all hypotheses are usually unknown. This article considers the…

Computation · Statistics 2019-10-08 Georg Hahn

Methods of merging several p-values into a single p-value are important in their own right and widely used in multiple hypothesis testing. This paper is the first to systematically study the admissibility (in Wald's sense) of p-merging…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-03-30 Vladimir Vovk , Bin Wang , Ruodu Wang

The problem of combining p-values is an old and fundamental one, and the classic assumption of independence is often violated or unverifiable in many applications. There are many well-known rules that can combine a set of arbitrarily…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-21 Matteo Gasparin , Ruodu Wang , Aaditya Ramdas

Determining the strength of non-linear statistical dependencies between two variables is a crucial matter in many research fields. The established measure for quantifying such relations is the mutual information. However, estimating mutual…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2019-07-24 Damián G. Hernández , Inés Samengo