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Conversational Recommender System (CRS) interacts with users through natural language to understand their preferences and provide personalized recommendations in real-time. CRS has demonstrated significant potential, prompting researchers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Lixi Zhu , Xiaowen Huang , Jitao Sang

This study presents a proof of concept for eliciting and representing the moral profiles of digital system users in Requirements Engineering (RE) by combining immersive role-playing games (RPGs) with large language model (LLM) analysis.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Gianluca De Ninno , Paola Inverardi , Francesca Belotti

LLM-based user simulation is the primary mechanism for end-to-end agent evaluation, yet simulated users are poor proxies for real humans: unconstrained LLM defaults produce a Formalism Ceiling (style match rates of 6-8% against real users),…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Ming Zhu , Juntao Tan , Rithesh Murthy , Jielin Qiu , Liangwei Yang , Wenting Zhao , Silvio Savarese , Shelby Heinecke , Huan Wang

We present lilGym, a new benchmark for language-conditioned reinforcement learning in visual environments. lilGym is based on 2,661 highly-compositional human-written natural language statements grounded in an interactive visual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Anne Wu , Kianté Brantley , Noriyuki Kojima , Yoav Artzi

While the advancement of large language models has spurred the development of AI agents to automate tasks, numerous use cases inherently require agents to collaborate with humans due to humans' latent preferences, domain expertise, or the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yijia Shao , Vinay Samuel , Yucheng Jiang , John Yang , Diyi Yang

Large language models (LLMs) hold great promise for assisting clinical interviews due to their fluent interactive capabilities and extensive medical knowledge. However, the lack of high-quality interview dialogue data and widely accepted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Jing Chen , Zhihua Wei , Wei Zhang , Yingying Hu , Qiong Zhang

There is an increasing interest in developing LLMs for medical diagnosis to improve diagnosis efficiency. Despite their alluring technological potential, there is no unified and comprehensive evaluation criterion, leading to the inability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Xiaoming Shi , Jie Xu , Jinru Ding , Jiali Pang , Sichen Liu , Shuqing Luo , Xingwei Peng , Lu Lu , Haihong Yang , Mingtao Hu , Tong Ruan , Shaoting Zhang

Large language models have advanced from single-turn question answering to deep research systems that iteratively decompose research questions, invoke retrieval tools, and synthesize information across multiple rounds. Evaluating such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Hao Shen , Hang Yang , Zhouhong Gu , Weili Han

As software systems grow increasingly complex, explainability has become a crucial non-functional requirement for transparency, user trust, and regulatory compliance. Eliciting explainability requirements is challenging, as different…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Martin Obaidi , Jakob Droste , Hannah Deters , Marc Herrmann , Raymond Ochsner , Jil Klünder , Kurt Schneider

Standard single-turn, static benchmarks fall short in evaluating the nuanced capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) on complex tasks such as software engineering. In this work, we propose a novel interactive evaluation framework that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Dimitrios Rontogiannis , Maxime Peyrard , Nicolas Baldwin , Martin Josifoski , Robert West , Dimitrios Gunopulos

Competency Questions (CQs) are a cornerstone of requirement elicitation in ontology engineering. CQs represent requirements as a set of natural language questions that an ontology should satisfy; they are traditionally modelled by ontology…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Reham Alharbi , Valentina Tamma , Terry R. Payne , Jacopo de Berardinis

Interpretability tools that offer explanations in the form of a dialogue have demonstrated their efficacy in enhancing users' understanding (Slack et al., 2023; Shen et al., 2023), as one-off explanations may fall short in providing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Qianli Wang , Tatiana Anikina , Nils Feldhus , Josef van Genabith , Leonhard Hennig , Sebastian Möller

Recently, there has been growing interest in extending the context length of large language models (LLMs), aiming to effectively process long inputs of one turn or conversations with more extensive histories. While proprietary models such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Chenxin An , Shansan Gong , Ming Zhong , Xingjian Zhao , Mukai Li , Jun Zhang , Lingpeng Kong , Xipeng Qiu

Elicitation interviews are the most common requirements elicitation technique, and proficiency in conducting these interviews is crucial for requirements elicitation. Traditional training methods, typically limited to textbook learning, may…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Binnur Görer , Fatma Başak Aydemir

We present QueryGym, a lightweight, extensible Python toolkit that supports large language model (LLM)-based query reformulation. This is an important tool development since recent work on llm-based query reformulation has shown notable…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Amin Bigdeli , Radin Hamidi Rad , Mert Incesu , Negar Arabzadeh , Charles L. A. Clarke , Ebrahim Bagheri

User simulators can rapidly generate a large volume of timely user behavior data, providing a testing platform for reinforcement learning-based recommender systems, thus accelerating their iteration and optimization. However, prevalent user…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Zijian Zhang , Shuchang Liu , Ziru Liu , Rui Zhong , Qingpeng Cai , Xiangyu Zhao , Chunxu Zhang , Qidong Liu , Peng Jiang

Requirements elicitation requires extensive knowledge and deep understanding of the problem domain where the final system will be situated. However, in many software development projects, analysts are required to elicit the requirements…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-20 Zahra Shakeri Hossein Abad , Vincenzo Gervasi , Didar Zowghi , Ken Barker

Recent advances in Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have enabled mobile agents to perceive and interact with real-world mobile environments based on human instructions. However, the current fully autonomous paradigm poses potential safety…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Qihang Ai , Pi Bu , Yue Cao , Yingyao Wang , Jihao Gu , Jingxuan Xing , Zekun Zhu , Wei Jiang , Zhicheng Zheng , Jun Song , Yuning Jiang

Despite significant advancements in conversational AI, large language model (LLM)-powered chatbots often struggle with personalizing their responses according to individual user characteristics, such as technical expertise, learning style,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Shahaf David , Yair Meidan , Ido Hersko , Daniel Varnovitzky , Dudu Mimran , Yuval Elovici , Asaf Shabtai

Long-horizon planning is widely recognized as a core capability of autonomous LLM-based agents; however, current evaluation frameworks suffer from being largely episodic, domain-specific, or insufficiently grounded in persistent economic…