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In this work, we establish a frequency-domain framework for analyzing gradient-based algorithms in linear minimax optimization problems; specifically, our approach is based on the Z-transform, a powerful tool applied in Control Theory and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-10-08 Ioannis Anagnostides , Paolo Penna

A recent work by Schlisselberg et al. (2024) studies a delay-as-payoff model for stochastic multi-armed bandits, where the payoff (either loss or reward) is delayed for a period that is proportional to the payoff itself. While this captures…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Mengxiao Zhang , Yingfei Wang , Haipeng Luo

In this paper, we consider multi-agent learning via online gradient descent in a class of games called $\lambda$-cocoercive games, a fairly broad class of games that admits many Nash equilibria and that properly includes unconstrained…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-07-20 Tianyi Lin , Zhengyuan Zhou , Panayotis Mertikopoulos , Michael I. Jordan

Min-max formulations have attracted great attention in the ML community due to the rise of deep generative models and adversarial methods, while understanding the dynamics of gradient algorithms for solving such formulations has remained a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Guojun Zhang , Yaoliang Yu

It is a well-known fact that correlated equilibria can be computed in polynomial time in a large class of concisely represented games using the celebrated Ellipsoid Against Hope algorithm (Papadimitriou and Roughgarden, 2008; Jiang and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Gabriele Farina , Charilaos Pipis

Motivated by recent work on stochastic gradient descent methods, we develop two stochastic variants of greedy algorithms for possibly non-convex optimization problems with sparsity constraints. We prove linear convergence in expectation to…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2014-07-02 Nam Nguyen , Deanna Needell , Tina Woolf

This paper examines the convergence of no-regret learning in games with continuous action sets. For concreteness, we focus on learning via "dual averaging", a widely used class of no-regret learning schemes where players take small steps…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-01-17 Panayotis Mertikopoulos , Zhengyuan Zhou

In this paper, we study last-iterate convergence of learning algorithms in bilinear saddle-point problems, a preferable notion of convergence that captures the day-to-day behavior of learning dynamics. We focus on the challenging setting…

The literature on game-theoretic equilibrium finding predominantly focuses on single games or their repeated play. Nevertheless, numerous real-world scenarios feature playing a game sampled from a distribution of similar, but not identical…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-21 David Sychrovský , Michal Šustr , Elnaz Davoodi , Michael Bowling , Marc Lanctot , Martin Schmid

We consider the use of no-regret algorithms to compute equilibria for particular classes of convex-concave games. While standard regret bounds would lead to convergence rates on the order of $O(T^{-1/2})$, recent work \citep{RS13,SALS15}…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-18 Jacob Abernethy , Kevin A. Lai , Kfir Y. Levy , Jun-Kun Wang

We focus on the design of algorithms for finding equilibria in 2-player zero-sum games. Although it is well known that such problems can be solved by a single linear program, there has been a surge of interest in recent years for simpler…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Michail Fasoulakis , Evangelos Markakis , Giorgos Roussakis , Christodoulos Santorinaios

In this paper, we investigate the power of {\it regularization}, a common technique in reinforcement learning and optimization, in solving extensive-form games (EFGs). We propose a series of new algorithms based on regularizing the payoff…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Mingyang Liu , Asuman Ozdaglar , Tiancheng Yu , Kaiqing Zhang

The monotone variational inequality is a central problem in mathematical programming that unifies and generalizes many important settings such as smooth convex optimization, two-player zero-sum games, convex-concave saddle point problems,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-17 Yang Cai , Argyris Oikonomou , Weiqiang Zheng

In this paper, we provide a general framework for studying multi-agent online learning problems in the presence of delays and asynchronicities. Specifically, we propose and analyze a class of adaptive dual averaging schemes in which agents…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Yu-Guan Hsieh , Franck Iutzeler , Jérôme Malick , Panayotis Mertikopoulos

Methods from convex optimization such as accelerated gradient descent are widely used as building blocks for deep learning algorithms. However, the reasons for their empirical success are unclear, since neural networks are not convex and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-04-11 David Balduzzi

We introduce Cautious Optimism, a framework for substantially faster regularized learning in general games. Cautious Optimism, as a variant of Optimism, adaptively controls the learning pace in a dynamic, non-monotone manner to accelerate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Ashkan Soleymani , Georgios Piliouras , Gabriele Farina

We propose RUDDER, a novel reinforcement learning approach for delayed rewards in finite Markov decision processes (MDPs). In MDPs the Q-values are equal to the expected immediate reward plus the expected future rewards. The latter are…

We propose efficient no-regret learning dynamics and ellipsoid-based methods for computing linear correlated equilibria$\unicode{x2014}$a relaxation of correlated equilibria and a strengthening of coarse correlated…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Constantinos Daskalakis , Gabriele Farina , Maxwell Fishelson , Charilaos Pipis , Jon Schneider

The convergence of online learning algorithms in games under self-play is a fundamental question in game theory and machine learning. Among various notions of convergence, last-iterate convergence is particularly desirable, as it reflects…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yang Cai , Haipeng Luo , Chen-Yu Wei , Weiqiang Zheng

Delayed and sparse rewards present a fundamental obstacle for reinforcement-learning (RL) agents, which struggle to assign credit for actions whose benefits emerge many steps later. The sliding-tile game 2048 epitomizes this challenge:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Prady Saligram , Tanvir Bhathal , Robby Manihani