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Zero forcing can be described as a combinatorial game on a graph that uses a color change rule in which vertices change white vertices to blue. The throttling number of a graph minimizes the sum of the number of vertices initially colored…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-02-23 Joshua Carlson , Juergen Kritschgau

Zero forcing is a process that models the spread of information throughout a graph as white vertices are forced to turn blue using a color change rule. The idea of throttling, introduced in 2013 by Butler and Young, is to optimize the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-04-11 Jurgen Kritschgau , Josh Carlson

Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process, where given a set of initially colored vertices, a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor causes that neighbor to become colored. A zero forcing set is a set of initially colored…

The zero forcing number is the minimum number of black vertices that can turn a white graph black following a single neighbour colour forcing rule. The zero forcing number provides topological information about linear algebra on graphs,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-02-10 Alexei Vazquez

The concept of zero forcing involves a dynamic coloring process by which blue vertices cause white vertices to become blue, with the goal of forcing the entire graph blue while choosing as few as possible vertices to be initially blue. Past…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-09-10 Sara Anderton , Kanno Mizozoe , Houston Schuerger , Andrew Schwartz

Zero forcing in graphs is a coloring process where a colored vertex can force its unique uncolored neighbor to be colored. A zero forcing set is a set of initially colored vertices capable of eventually coloring all vertices of the graph.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-03 Krishna Menon , Anurag Singh

Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process whereby a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor forces that neighbor to be colored. It is NP-hard to find a minimum zero forcing set - a smallest set of initially colored…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-07-05 Boris Brimkov

Let $D$ be a simple digraph (directed graph) with vertex set $V(D)$ and arc set $A(D)$ where $n=|V(D)|$, and each arc is an ordered pair of distinct vertices. If $(v,u) \in A(D)$, then $u$ is considered an \emph{out-neighbor} of $v$ in $D$.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-07-31 Alyssa Adams , Bonnie Jacob

Zero forcing is a process on graphs in which a color change rule is used to force vertices to become blue. The amount of time taken for all vertices in the graph to become blue is the propagation time. Throttling minimizes the sum of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-07 Emily Cairncross , Joshua Carlson , Peter Hollander , Benjamin Kitchen , Emily Lopez , Ashley Zhuang

Let $G$ be a simple, finite, and undirected graph with vertices each given an initial coloring of either blue or white. Zero forcing on graph $G$ is an iterative process of forcing its white vertices to become blue after a finite…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-02-11 Ma. Nerissa M. Abara , Prince Allan B. Pelayo

Zero forcing is a binary coloring game on a graph where a set of filled vertices can force non-filled vertices to become filled following a color change rule. In 2008, the zero forcing number of a graph was shown to be an upper bound on its…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-12 Thomas R. Cameron , Jonad Pulaj

Zero forcing is a process on a graph in which the goal is to force all vertices to become blue by applying a color change rule. Throttling minimizes the sum of the number of vertices that are initially blue and the number of time steps…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-03-15 Joshua Carlson

Zero forcing is a process that colors the vertices of a graph blue by starting with some vertices blue and applying a color change rule. Throttling minimizes the sum of the number of initial blue vertices and the time to color the graph. In…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-09-17 Emelie Curl , Jesse Geneson , Leslie Hogben

Zero forcing is a one-player game played on a graph. The player chooses some set of vertices to color, then iteratively applies a color change rule: If all but one of a colored vertex's neighbors are colored, color (i.e. "force") the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-02 Shannon Dillman , Franklin Kenter

An $r$-fold analogue of the positive semidefinite zero forcing process that is carried out on the $r$-blowup of a graph is introduced and used to define the fractional positive semidefinite forcing number. Properties of the graph blowup…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-08-23 Leslie Hogben , Kevin F. Palmowski , David E. Roberson , Michael Young

Zero forcing is a combinatorial game played on graphs that can be used to model the spread of information with repeated applications of a color change rule. In general, a zero forcing parameter is the minimum number of initial blue vertices…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-04-01 Joshua Carlson , John Petrucci

A dynamic coloring of the vertices of a graph $G$ starts with an initial subset $S$ of colored vertices, with all remaining vertices being non-colored. At each discrete time interval, a colored vertex with exactly one non-colored neighbor…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-08-18 Randy Davila , Michael Henning

Zero forcing is an iterative coloring process on a graph that has been widely used in such different areas as the modelling of propagation phenomena in networks and the study of minimum rank problems in matrices and graphs. This paper deals…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-09-24 Josep Fàbrega , Jaume Martí-Farré , Xavier Muñoz

Zero forcing is a propagation process on a graph, or digraph, defined in linear algebra to provide a bound for the minimum rank problem. Independently, zero forcing was introduced in physics, computer science and network science, areas…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-03-28 Daniela Ferrero , Thomas Kalinowski , Sudeep Stephen

The positive zero forcing number of a graph is a graph parameter that arises from a non-traditional type of graph colouring, and is related to a more conventional version of zero forcing. We establish a relation between the zero forcing and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-07-28 Shaun Fallat , Karen Meagher , Boting Yang