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The rapid expansion of interconnected devices, autonomous systems, and AI applications has created severe fragmentation in adaptive transport systems, where diverse protocols and context sources remain isolated. This survey provides the…

This paper identifies and analyzes a novel vulnerability class in Model Context Protocol (MCP) based agent systems. The attack chain describes and demonstrates how benign, individually authorized tasks can be orchestrated to produce harmful…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-28 David Noever

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on external tools to perform complex, realistic tasks, yet their ability to utilize the rapidly expanding Model Contextual Protocol (MCP) ecosystem remains limited. Existing MCP research covers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Wenhao Wang , Peizhi Niu , Zhao Xu , Zhaoyu Chen , Jian Du , Yaxin Du , Xianghe Pang , Keduan Huang , Yanfeng Wang , Qiang Yan , Siheng Chen

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is a new and emerging technology that extends the functionality of large language models, improving workflows but also exposing users to a new attack surface. Several studies have highlighted related…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tobias Mattsson , Samuel Nyberg , Anton Borg , Ricardo Britto

To reduce development overhead and enable seamless integration between potential components comprising any given generative AI application, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) (Anthropic, 2024) has recently been released and subsequently…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Brandon Radosevich , John Halloran

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) aims to create a standard for how Large Language Models use tools. However, most current research focuses on selecting tools from an existing pool. A more fundamental, yet largely overlooked, problem is how…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Chaoqian Ouyang , Ling Yue , Shimin Di , Libin Zheng , Linan Yue , Shaowu Pan , Jian Yin , Min-Ling Zhang

Aiming at the problems of computational inefficiency and insufficient interpretability faced by large models in complex tasks such as multi-round reasoning and multi-modal collaboration, this study proposes a three-layer collaboration…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Luyan Zhang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a widely adopted mechanism for connecting large language models to external tools and resources. While MCP promises seamless extensibility and rich integrations, it also introduces a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Zhihao Li , Kun Li , Boyang Ma , Minghui Xu , Yue Zhang , Xiuzhen Cheng

Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers enable AI applications to connect to external systems in a plug-and-play manner, but their rapid proliferation also introduces severe security risks. Unlike mature software ecosystems with rigorous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Weibo Zhao , Jiahao Liu , Bonan Ruan , Shaofei Li , Zhenkai Liang

Explicit modeling of capabilities and skills -- whether based on ontologies, Asset Administration Shells, or other technologies -- requires considerable manual effort and often results in representations that are not easily accessible to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Luis Miguel Vieira da Silva , Aljosha Köcher , Felix Gehlhoff

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly augmented with external tools through standardized interfaces like the Model Context Protocol (MCP). However, current MCP implementations face critical limitations: they typically require local…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Arash Ahmadi , Sarah Sharif , Yaser M. Banad

Since the introduction of the Model Context Protocol (MCP), the number of available tools for Large Language Models (LLMs) has increased significantly. These task-specific tool sets offer an alternative to general-purpose tools such as web…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Reza Esfandiarpoor , Vishwas Suryanarayanan , Stephen H. Bach , Vishal Chowdhary , Anthony Aue

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has been proposed as a unifying standard for connecting large language models (LLMs) with external tools and resources, promising the same role for AI integration that HTTP and USB played for the Web and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hechuan Guo , Yongle Hao , Yue Zhang , Minghui Xu , Peizhuo Lv , Jiezhi Chen , Xiuzhen Cheng

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduces a structurally distinct attack surface that existing threat frameworks, designed for traditional software systems or generic LLM deployments, do not adequately cover. This paper presents MCP-38, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Yi Ting Shen , Kentaroh Toyoda , Alex Leung

By providing a standardized interface for LLM agents to interact with external tools, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) is quickly becoming a cornerstone of the modern autonomous agent ecosystem. However, it creates novel attack surfaces due…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Zhiqiang Wang , Yichao Gao , Yanting Wang , Suyuan Liu , Haifeng Sun , Haoran Cheng , Guanquan Shi , Haohua Du , Xiangyang Li

To standardize interactions between LLM-based agents and their environments, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) was proposed and has since been widely adopted. However, integrating external tools expands the attack surface, exposing agents to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ruiqi Li , Zhiqiang Wang , Yunhao Yao , Xiang-Yang Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly serving as autonomous agents, and their utilization of external tools via the Model Context Protocol (MCP) is considered a future trend. Current MCP evaluation sets suffer from issues such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Wenrui Liu , Zixiang Liu , Elsie Dai , Wenhan Yu , Lei Yu , Tong Yang , Jinjun Han , Hong Gao

The integration of large language models (LLMs) into scientific research is accelerating the realization of autonomous ``AI Scientists.'' While recent advancements have empowered AI to formulate hypotheses and design experiments, a critical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Masaki Shiraishi , Ikko Hamamura , Tatsuya Ishigaki , Tadashi Kadowaki

This survey investigates how classical software design patterns can enhance the reliability and scalability of communication in Large Language Model (LLM)-driven agentic AI systems, focusing particularly on the Model Context Protocol (MCP).…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Anjana Sarkar , Soumyendu Sarkar

Current approaches to AI agent orchestration typically involve building multi-agent frameworks that manage context passing, memory, error handling, and step coordination through code. These frameworks work well for complex, concurrent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Jake Van Clief , David McDermott