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Training data attribution (TDA) methods aim to attribute model outputs back to specific training examples, and the application of these methods to large language model (LLM) outputs could significantly advance model transparency and data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Tyler A. Chang , Dheeraj Rajagopal , Tolga Bolukbasi , Lucas Dixon , Ian Tenney

Training data attribution (TDA) methods offer to trace a model's prediction on any given example back to specific influential training examples. Existing approaches do so by assigning a scalar influence score to each training example, under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Kelvin Guu , Albert Webson , Ellie Pavlick , Lucas Dixon , Ian Tenney , Tolga Bolukbasi

Many training data attribution (TDA) methods aim to estimate how a model's behavior would change if one or more data points were removed from the training set. Methods based on implicit differentiation, such as influence functions, can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Juhan Bae , Wu Lin , Jonathan Lorraine , Roger Grosse

Training data attribution (TDA) plays a critical role in understanding the influence of individual training data points on model predictions. Gradient-based TDA methods, popularized by \textit{influence function} for their superior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Shiyuan Zhang , Junwei Deng , Juhan Bae , Jiaqi Ma

Data attribution seeks to trace model behavior back to the training examples that shaped it, enabling debugging, auditing, and data valuation at scale. Classical influence-function methods offer a principled foundation but remain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Sibo Ma , Julian Nyarko

Training data attribution (TDA) methods aim to identify which training examples influence a model's predictions on specific test data most. By quantifying these influences, TDA supports critical applications such as data debugging,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Xingyuan Pan , Chenlu Ye , Joseph Melkonian , Jiaqi W. Ma , Tong Zhang

The goal of data attribution is to trace the model's predictions through the learning algorithm and back to its training data. thereby identifying the most influential training samples and understanding how the model's behavior leads to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Hongbo Zhu , Angelo Cangelosi

Training data attribution (TDA) methods aim to measure how training data impacts a model's predictions. While gradient-based attribution methods, such as influence functions, offer theoretical grounding, their computational costs make them…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Weiwei Sun , Haokun Liu , Nikhil Kandpal , Colin Raffel , Yiming Yang

In recent years, training data attribution (TDA) methods have emerged as a promising direction for the interpretability of neural networks. While research around TDA is thriving, limited effort has been dedicated to the evaluation of…

While Mechanistic Interpretability has identified interpretable circuits in LLMs, their causal origins in training data remain elusive. We introduce Mechanistic Data Attribution (MDA), a scalable framework that employs Influence Functions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Jianhui Chen , Yuzhang Luo , Liangming Pan

Generative AI models offer powerful capabilities but often lack transparency, making it difficult to interpret their output. This is critical in cases involving artistic or copyrighted content. This work introduces a search-inspired…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Theodoros Aivalis , Iraklis A. Klampanos , Antonis Troumpoukis , Joemon M. Jose

Randomness is an unavoidable part of training deep learning models, yet something that traditional training data attribution algorithms fail to rigorously account for. They ignore the fact that, due to stochasticity in the initialisation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Bruno Mlodozeniec , Isaac Reid , Sam Power , David Krueger , Murat Erdogdu , Richard E. Turner , Roger Grosse

The black-box nature of large language models (LLMs) poses challenges in interpreting results, impacting issues such as data intellectual property protection and hallucination tracing. Training data attribution (TDA) methods are considered…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Kangxi Wu , Liang Pang , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

Current training data attribution (TDA) methods treat the influence one sample has on another as static, but neural networks learn in distinct stages that exhibit changing patterns of influence. In this work, we introduce a framework for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jin Hwa Lee , Matthew Smith , Maxwell Adam , Jesse Hoogland

Data Attribution (DA) methods quantify the influence of individual training data points on model outputs and have broad applications such as explainability, data selection, and noisy label identification. However, existing DA methods are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Dan Ley , Suraj Srinivas , Shichang Zhang , Gili Rusak , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Diffusion models have led to significant advancements in generative modelling. Yet their widespread adoption poses challenges regarding data attribution and interpretability. In this paper, we aim to help address such challenges in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Bruno Mlodozeniec , Runa Eschenhagen , Juhan Bae , Alexander Immer , David Krueger , Richard Turner

Training Data Attribution (TDA) seeks to trace model predictions back to influential training examples, enhancing interpretability and safety. We formulate TDA as a Bayesian information-theoretic problem: subsets are scored by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Dharmesh Tailor , Nicolò Felicioni , Kamil Ciosek

Concept-based machine learning methods have increasingly gained importance due to the growing interest in making neural networks interpretable. However, concept annotations are generally challenging to obtain, making it crucial to leverage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Alba Carballo-Castro , Sonia Laguna , Moritz Vandenhirtz , Julia E. Vogt

As one of the most fundamental models, meta learning aims to effectively address few-shot learning challenges. However, it still faces significant issues related to the training data, such as training inefficiencies due to numerous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Chenyang Ren , Huanyi Xie , Shu Yang , Meng Ding , Lijie Hu , Di Wang

Data Attribution (DA) is an emerging approach in the field of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), aiming to identify influential training datapoints which determine model outputs. It seeks to provide transparency about the model and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Galip Ümit Yolcu , Moritz Weckbecker , Thomas Wiegand , Wojciech Samek , Sebastian Lapuschkin
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