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Large language model (LLM) agents are vulnerable to prompt-injection attacks that propagate through multi-step workflows, tool interactions, and persistent context, making input-output filtering alone insufficient for reliable protection.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Hailin Liu , Eugene Ilyushin , Jie Ni , Min Zhu

The ability to use tools is fundamental for large language model (LLM) agents. Given a task, existing systems use LLMs to plan and generate tool calls, which are executed by real-world tools to complete the task. However, tool calls are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Zeyu Zhang , Guohao Li , Zhenchang Xing , Alexandros Apostolopoulos , Yu Lin Lee , Liang Zheng

LLM agents increasingly operate through multi-turn tool use and environment interaction, where safety risks often emerge from intermediate steps long before they surface in the final outcome. Reactive auditing is therefore insufficient:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Jiaqian Li , Yanshu Li , Boxuan Zhang , Ruixiang Tang , Kuan-Hao Huang

SIEM systems are prevalent and play a critical role in a variety of analyst workflows in Security Operation Centers. However, modern SIEMs face a big challenge: they still cannot relieve analysts from the repetitive tasks involved in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-19 PeiYu Tseng , ZihDwo Yeh , Xushu Dai , Peng Liu

Autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to automate complex, multi-step tasks such as coding or web-based question answering. While remote, cloud-based agents offer scalability and ease of deployment,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Dzung Pham , Kleomenis Katevas , Ali Shahin Shamsabadi , Hamed Haddadi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agents that orchestrate tasks and integrate external tools to execute complex workflows. We demonstrate that these interactive behaviors leave distinctive fingerprints in encrypted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Yixiang Zhang , Xinhao Deng , Zhongyi Gu , Yihao Chen , Ke Xu , Qi Li , Jianping Wu

We present an agentic flow consisting of multiple agents that combine specialized LLMs and hardware simulation tools to collaboratively complete the complex task of Register Transfer Level (RTL) generation without human intervention. A key…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Athma Narayanan , Mahesh Subedar , Omesh Tickoo

Evaluating the safety of LLM-based agents is increasingly important because risks in realistic deployments often emerge over multi-step interactions rather than isolated prompts or final responses. Existing trajectory-level benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Yu Li , Haoyu Luo , Yuejin Xie , Yuqian Fu , Zhonghao Yang , Shuai Shao , Qihan Ren , Wanying Qu , Yanwei Fu , Yujiu Yang , Jing Shao , Xia Hu , Dongrui Liu

Large language model (LLM) agents are moving beyond prompting alone. ChatGPT marked the rise of general-purpose LLM assistants, DeepSeek showed that on-policy reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards can improve reasoning and tool…

Reliable forecasting of the future behavior of road agents is a critical component to safe planning in autonomous vehicles. Here, we represent continuous trajectories as sequences of discrete motion tokens and cast multi-agent motion…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Ari Seff , Brian Cera , Dian Chen , Mason Ng , Aurick Zhou , Nigamaa Nayakanti , Khaled S. Refaat , Rami Al-Rfou , Benjamin Sapp

While LLM-based agents can interact with environments via invoking external tools, their expanded capabilities also amplify security risks. Monitoring step-level tool invocation behaviors in real time and proactively intervening before…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yutao Mou , Zhangchi Xue , Lijun Li , Peiyang Liu , Shikun Zhang , Wei Ye , Jing Shao

Recently, autonomous agents built on large language models (LLMs) have experienced significant development and are being deployed in real-world applications. These agents can extend the base LLM's capabilities in multiple ways. For example,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Boyang Zhang , Yicong Tan , Yun Shen , Ahmed Salem , Michael Backes , Savvas Zannettou , Yang Zhang

LLM-based deep research agents are largely built on the ReAct framework. This linear design makes it difficult to revisit earlier states, branch into alternative search directions, or maintain global awareness under long contexts, often…

Verifiers have been demonstrated to enhance LLM reasoning via test-time scaling (TTS). Yet, they face significant challenges in complex domains. Error propagation from incorrect intermediate reasoning can lead to false positives for…

LLM-based agents act through sequences of executable decisions, but their trajectories provide little evidence of which agent or policy produced them, making provenance, ownership, and unauthorized reuse difficult to establish from observed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Hyeseon An , Shinwoo Park , Dongsu Kim , Yo-Sub Han

Enabling continual learning in LLMs remains a key unresolved research challenge. In a recent announcement, a frontier LLM company made a step towards this by introducing Agent Skills, a framework that equips agents with new knowledge based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 David Schmotz , Sahar Abdelnabi , Maksym Andriushchenko

With the prosperity of large language models (LLMs), powerful LLM-based intelligent agents have been developed to provide customized services with a set of user-defined tools. State-of-the-art methods for constructing LLM agents adopt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Yifei Wang , Dizhan Xue , Shengjie Zhang , Shengsheng Qian

Tool-augmented Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated impressive capabilities in automating complex, multi-step real-world tasks, yet remain vulnerable to indirect prompt injection. Adversaries exploit this weakness by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wei Zhao , Zhe Li , Peixin Zhang , Jun Sun

As web agents rapidly evolve, an increasing body of work has moved beyond conventional atomic browser interactions and explored tool use as a higher-level action paradigm. Although prior studies have shown the promise of tools, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Renze Lou , Baolin Peng , Wenlin Yao , Qianhui Wu , Hao Cheng , Suman Nath , Wenpeng Yin , Jianfeng Gao

Agentic applications are LLMs that iteratively invoke external tools to accomplish complex tasks. Such tool-based agents are rapidly becoming the dominant paradigm for deploying language models in production. Unlike traditional single-turn…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Anish Biswas , Kanishk Goel , Srivarshinee S , Jayashree Mohan , Alind Khare , Anjaly Parayil , Ramachandran Ramjee , Chetan Bansal