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Multi-trajectory inference for tool-use LLM agents - generating multiple reasoning attempts and selecting among them - benefits from transferring knowledge across attempts so that later ones avoid the pitfalls of earlier ones. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Xinzhe Li , Yaguang Tao

The development of general-purpose agents requires a shift from executing simple instructions to completing complex, real-world productivity workflows. However, current tool-use benchmarks remain misaligned with real-world requirements,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Jize Wang , Xuanxuan Liu , Yining Li , Songyang Zhang , Yijun Wang , Zifei Shan , Xinyi Le , Cailian Chen , Xinping Guan , Dacheng Tao

With the increasing adoption of large language models (LLM), agentic workflows, which compose multiple LLM calls with tools, retrieval, and reasoning steps, are increasingly replacing traditional applications. However, such workflows are…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yeonju Ro , Haoran Qiu , Íñigo Goiri , Rodrigo Fonseca , Ricardo Bianchini , Aditya Akella , Zhangyang Wang , Mattan Erez , Esha Choukse

Information Retrieval is shifting from passive document ranking toward autonomous agentic workflows that operate in multi-step Reason-Act-Observe loops. In such long-horizon trajectories, minor early errors can cascade, leading to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Anushree Sinha , Srivaths Ranganathan , Debanshu Das , Abhishek Dharmaratnakar

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents are widely used in real-world applications such as customer service, web navigation, and software engineering. As these systems become more autonomous and are deployed at scale, understanding why an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Chen Qian , Peng Wang , Dongrui Liu , Junyao Yang , Dadi Guo , Ling Tang , Jilin Mei , Qihan Ren , Shuai Shao , Yong Liu , Jie Fu , Jing Shao , Xia Hu

We explore the use of GPT-4 on a humanoid robot in simulation and the real world as proof of concept of a novel large language model (LLM) driven behaviour method. LLMs have shown the ability to perform various tasks, including robotic…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Thomas O'Brien , Ysobel Sims

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in orchestrating tools for reasoning tasks. However, existing methods rely on a step-wise paradigm that lacks a global perspective, which causes error accumulation over…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Tairan Huang , Siyu Shang , Qiang Chen , Xiu Su , Yi Chen

LLMs are used predominantly in synchronous communication, where a human user and a model communicate in alternating turns. In contrast, many real-world settings are asynchronous. For example, in group chats, online team meetings, or social…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Niv Eckhaus , Uri Berger , Gabriel Stanovsky

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have sparked growing interest in building generalist agents that can learn through online interactions. However, applying reinforcement learning (RL) to train LLM agents in multi-turn,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Hanchen Zhang , Xiao Liu , Bowen Lv , Xueqiao Sun , Bohao Jing , Iat Long Iong , Zhenyu Hou , Zehan Qi , Hanyu Lai , Yifan Xu , Rui Lu , Hongning Wang , Jie Tang , Yuxiao Dong

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly rely on external tools and retrieval systems to autonomously complete complex tasks. However, this design exposes agents to indirect prompt injection (IPI), where attacker-controlled context…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Tian Zhang , Yiwei Xu , Juan Wang , Keyan Guo , Xiaoyang Xu , Bowen Xiao , Quanlong Guan , Jinlin Fan , Jiawei Liu , Zhiquan Liu , Hongxin Hu

LLM agents increasingly act by writing code, yet a split persists between the runtime that drives the agent and the code the model writes. The runtime owns the loop, context, and control flow, and the model has little say over any of them.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yaoyu Zhao , Yichen Xu , Oliver Bračevac , Cao Nguyen Pham , Frank Zhengqing Wu , Martin Odersky

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in enterprise settings where they interact with multiple users and are trained or fine-tuned on sensitive internal data. While fine-tuning enhances performance by internalizing domain…

Recent advances in Language Model (LM) agents and tool use, exemplified by applications like ChatGPT Plugins, enable a rich set of capabilities but also amplify potential risks - such as leaking private data or causing financial losses.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Yangjun Ruan , Honghua Dong , Andrew Wang , Silviu Pitis , Yongchao Zhou , Jimmy Ba , Yann Dubois , Chris J. Maddison , Tatsunori Hashimoto

Multi-agent frameworks powered by large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated great success in automated planning and task execution. However, the effective adjustment of agentic workflows during execution has not been well studied. An…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Boye Niu , Yiliao Song , Kai Lian , Yifan Shen , Yu Yao , Kun Zhang , Tongliang Liu

A growing body of work explores how Large Language Models (LLMs) can be embedded in trading systems as agents that perceive market information, retrieve context, reason about decisions, emit tradable actions, and adapt under market…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yihan Xia , Panpan You , Taotao Wang , Fang Liu , Han Qi , Xiaoxiao Wu , Shengli Zhang

Large Language Model (LLM) agents offer a powerful new paradigm for solving various problems by combining natural language reasoning with the execution of external tools. However, their dynamic and non-transparent behavior introduces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Peiran Wang , Yang Liu , Yunfei Lu , Yifeng Cai , Hongbo Chen , Qingyou Yang , Jie Zhang , Jue Hong , Ye Wu

Autonomous LLM agents can issue thousands of API calls per hour without human oversight. OAuth 2.0 assumes deterministic clients, but in agentic settings stochastic reasoning, prompt injection, or multi-agent orchestration can silently…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Abhishek Goswami

AI agents are promising for high-stakes enterprise workflows, but dependable deployment remains limited because tool-use failures are difficult to diagnose and control. Agents may skip required tool calls, invoke tools unnecessarily, or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Hariom Tatsat , Ariye Shater

Diffusion large language models (DLLMs) have emerged as an alternative to autoregressive (AR) decoding with appealing efficiency and modeling properties, yet their implications for agentic multi-step decision making remain underexplored. We…

Current LLM agents operate under an implicit but universal assumption: execution is a transaction -- the user submits a request, the agent works in isolation, and only upon completion does the dialogue resume. This forces users into a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zhiyuan Zhai , Ming Li , Xin Wang