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Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) and multimodal counterparts have spurred significant interest in developing web agents -- AI systems capable of autonomously navigating and completing tasks within web environments. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Xing Han Lù , Gaurav Kamath , Marius Mosbach , Siva Reddy

Autonomous large language model (LLM) agents such as OpenClaw are pushing agentic commerce from human-supervised assistance toward machine actors that can negotiate, purchase services, manage digital assets, and execute transactions across…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Qian'ang Mao , Jiaxin Wang , Ya Liu , Li Zhu , Cong Ma , Jiaqi Yan

This paper provides an in-depth technical analysis and implementation methodology of the open-source Agent-to-Agent (A2A) protocol developed by Google and the Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduced by Anthropic. While the evolution of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Cheonsu Jeong

Blockchain and smart contracts have garnered significant interest in recent years as the foundation of a decentralized, trustless digital ecosystem, thereby eliminating the need for traditional centralized authorities. Despite their central…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Nicolò Romandini , Carlo Mazzocca , Kai Otsuki , Rebecca Montanari

Large language models (LLMs) have enabled a new class of agentic AI systems that reason, plan, and act by invoking external tools. However, most existing agentic architectures remain centralized and monolithic, limiting scalability,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Ya-Ting Yang , Quanyan Zhu

Large Language Models demonstrate remarkable capabilities yet remain fundamentally probabilistic, presenting critical reliability challenges for enterprise deployment. We introduce the Six Sigma Agent, a novel architecture that achieves…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Khush Patel , Siva Surendira , Jithin George , Shreyas Kapale

With the rapid proliferation of large language models and vision-language models, AI agents have evolved from isolated, task-specific systems into autonomous, interactive entities capable of perceiving, reasoning, and acting without human…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Yuntao Wang , Shaolong Guo , Yanghe Pan , Zhou Su , Fahao Chen , Tom H. Luan , Peng Li , Jiawen Kang , Dusit Niyato

Decentralized multi-agent systems have shown promise in enabling autonomous collaboration among LLM-based agents. While AgentNet demonstrated the feasibility of fully decentralized coordination through dynamic DAG topologies, several…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Goutham Nalagatla

In recent years, Large-Language-Model-driven AI agents have exhibited unprecedented intelligence and adaptability. Nowadays, agents are undergoing a new round of evolution. They no longer act as an isolated island like LLMs. Instead, they…

As the "agentic web" takes shape-billions of AI agents (often LLM-powered) autonomously transacting and collaborating-trust shifts from human oversight to protocol design. In 2025, several inter-agent protocols crystallized this shift,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Botao 'Amber' Hu , Helena Rong

Large language model powered autonomous agents demand robust, standardized protocols to integrate tools, share contextual data, and coordinate tasks across heterogeneous systems. Ad-hoc integrations are difficult to scale, secure, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Abul Ehtesham , Aditi Singh , Gaurav Kumar Gupta , Saket Kumar

Autonomous agents represent an inevitable evolution of the internet. Current agent frameworks do not embed a standard protocol for agent-to-agent interaction, leaving existing agents isolated from their peers. As intellectual property is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Andrea Muttoni , Jason Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agentic systems that plan, memorize, and act in open-world environments. This shift brings new security problems: failures are no longer only unsafe text generation, but can become…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhihang Deng , Jiaping Gui , Weinan Zhang

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have enabled LLM-based agents to directly interact with application user interfaces (UIs), enhancing agents' performance in complex tasks. However, these agents often suffer from high latency and low…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Junting Lu , Zhiyang Zhang , Fangkai Yang , Jue Zhang , Lu Wang , Chao Du , Qingwei Lin , Saravan Rajmohan , Dongmei Zhang , Qi Zhang

In the age of large language models (LLMs), autonomous agents have emerged as a powerful paradigm for achieving general intelligence. These agents dynamically leverage tools, memory, and reasoning capabilities to accomplish user-defined…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Chaojia Yu , Zihan Cheng , Hanwen Cui , Yishuo Gao , Zexu Luo , Yijin Wang , Hangbin Zheng , Yong Zhao

The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has significantly propelled the development of artificial intelligence (AI) agents, which are increasingly evolving into diverse autonomous entities, advancing the LLM-based multi-agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Zihan Guo , Yuanjian Zhou , Chenyi Wang , Linlin You , Minjie Bian , Weinan Zhang

The emerging "agentic web" envisions large populations of autonomous agents coordinating, transacting, and delegating across open networks. Yet many agent communication and commerce protocols treat agents as low-cost identities, despite the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Botao 'Amber' Hu , Bangdao Chen

OpenID Connect for Agents (OIDC-A) 1.0 is an extension to OpenID Connect Core 1.0 that provides a comprehensive framework for representing, authenticating, and authorizing LLM-based agents within the OAuth 2.0 ecosystem. As autonomous AI…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Subramanya Nagabhushanaradhya

Autonomous AI agents are increasingly deployed on blockchain platforms, yet the design space that governs their interaction remains poorly understood. This convergence, where autonomous agents operate on and within decentralized systems, is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yunfeng Xia , Chao Li , Lei Li , Chenhao Zhang , Li Duan , Runhua Xu , Wei Wang

The emergence of AI agents powered by large language models (LLMs) marks a pivotal shift toward the Agentic Web, a new phase of the internet defined by autonomous, goal-driven interactions. In this paradigm, agents interact directly with…