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Large language models (LLMs) are known to produce varying responses depending on prompt phrasing, indicating that subtle guidance in phrasing can steer their answers. However, the impact of this framing bias on LLM-based evaluation, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yerin Hwang , Dongryeol Lee , Taegwan Kang , Minwoo Lee , Kyomin Jung

The known stylistic biases in LLM judges, such as a preference for verbosity or specific sentence structures, present an underexplored security vulnerability. In this work, we introduce BITE (BIas exploraTion and Exploitation), a black-box…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xianglin Yang , Bryan Hooi , Gelei Deng , Tianwei Zhang , Jin Song Dong

The adoption of large language models (LLMs) is transforming the peer review process, from assisting reviewers in writing detailed evaluations to generating entire reviews automatically. While these capabilities offer new opportunities,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Sai Suresh Macharla Vasu , Ivaxi Sheth , Hui-Po Wang , Ruta Binkyte , Mario Fritz

As large language models take on growing roles as automated evaluators in practical settings, a critical question arises: Can individuals persuade an LLM judge to assign unfairly high scores? This study is the first to reveal that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yerin Hwang , Dongryeol Lee , Taegwan Kang , Yongil Kim , Kyomin Jung

As LLMs become credible readers of earnings calls, investor-relations Q\&A, guidance, and disclosure language, supervised financial NLP benchmarks increasingly function as decision evidence for model selection and deployment. A hidden…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Sidi Chang , Peiying Zhu , Yuxiao Chen , Rongdong Chai

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as evaluators for natural language generation, applying human-defined rubrics to assess system outputs. However, human rubrics are often static and misaligned with how models internally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Clemencia Siro , Pourya Aliannejadi , Mohammad Aliannejadi

Aligning LLM-based judges with human preferences is a significant challenge, as they are difficult to calibrate and often suffer from rubric sensitivity, bias, and instability. Overcoming this challenge advances key applications, such as…

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on downstream tasks is fundamentally constrained by the capabilities acquired during pre-training. However, traditional benchmarks like MMLU often fail to reflect a base model's plasticity in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xiaoyuan Li , Yubo Ma , Kexin Yang , Moxin Li , Keqin Bao , Wenie Wang , Fuli Feng , Dayiheng Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for writing and review support, but their usefulness depends on context-dependent criteria, such as expert preferences or organization-specific conventions, that are often tacit,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kotaro Yoshida , So Kuroki , Yuki Imajuku , Taishi Nakamura , Ryunosuke Iwai , Haruki Goda , Takuya Akiba

The advent of Large Language Models LLMs marks a milestone in Artificial Intelligence, altering how machines comprehend and generate human language. However, LLMs are vulnerable to malicious prompt injection attacks, where crafted inputs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Sahasra Kokkula , Somanathan R , Nandavardhan R , Aashishkumar , G Divya

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has proven effective for complex reasoning tasks with clear correctness signals such as math and coding. However, extending it to real-world reasoning tasks is challenging, as evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Anisha Gunjal , Anthony Wang , Elaine Lau , Vaskar Nath , Yunzhong He , Bing Liu , Sean Hendryx

Statistical decision algorithms are increasingly deployed in domains where ground-truth labels are hard to obtain, such as hiring, university admissions, and content moderation. In these settings, models are typically trained on historical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Calvin Isley , Johann D. Gaebler , Sharad Goel

Despite growing interest in using Large Language Models (LLMs) for educational assessment, it remains unclear how closely they align with human scoring. We present a systematic evaluation of instruction-tuned LLMs across three open…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Filip J. Kucia , Anirban Chakraborty , Anna Wróblewska

The "LLM-as-a-Judge" paradigm, using Large Language Models (LLMs) as automated evaluators, is pivotal to LLM development, offering scalable feedback for complex tasks. However, the reliability of these judges is compromised by various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Qingquan Li , Shaoyu Dou , Kailai Shao , Chao Chen , Haixiang Hu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance and have come to dominate the field of natural language processing (NLP) across various tasks. However, due to their strong instruction-following capabilities and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yulin Chen , Haoran Li , Yuan Sui , Yue Liu , Yufei He , Xiaoling Bai , Chi Fei , Yabo Li , Haozhe Ma , Yangqiu Song , Bryan Hooi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized artificial intelligence, demonstrating remarkable computational power and linguistic capabilities. However, these models are inherently prone to various biases stemming from their training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Riccardo Cantini , Giada Cosenza , Alessio Orsino , Domenico Talia

Standard reward models typically predict scalar scores that fail to capture the multifaceted nature of response quality in non-verifiable domains, such as creative writing or open-ended instruction following. To address this limitation, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Ran Xu , Tianci Liu , Zihan Dong , Tony Yu , Ilgee Hong , Carl Yang , Linjun Zhang , Tao Zhao , Haoyu Wang

Reward hacking arises when a model improves a proxy reward by exploiting shortcuts rather than solving the intended task. We study this failure mode through the geometry of reinforcement learning updates in language models and argue that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Wenlong Deng , Jiaji Huang , Kaan Ozkara , Yushu Li , Christos Thrampoulidis , Xiaoxiao Li , Youngsuk Park

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly considered for use in high-impact workflows, including academic peer review. However, LLMs are vulnerable to document-level hidden prompt injection attacks. In this work, we construct a dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Panagiotis Theocharopoulos , Ajinkya Kulkarni , Mathew Magimai. -Doss

Recently, large vision-language models (LVLMs) have emerged as the preferred tools for judging text-image alignment, yet their robustness along the visual modality remains underexplored. This work is the first study to address a key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yerin Hwang , Dongryeol Lee , Kyungmin Min , Taegwan Kang , Yong-il Kim , Kyomin Jung