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Despite recent advances, LLM-based web agents still struggle with limited exploration, omission of critical steps, and sensitivity to task constraints. Prior work suggests that many of these failures stem from weaknesses in planning, yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Alejandra Zambrano , Sara Vera Marjanovic , Imene Kerboua , Xing Han Lù , Leila Kosseim

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have enabled understanding webpage contexts, product details, and human instructions. Utilizing LLMs as the foundational architecture for either reward models or policies in reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Shuang Feng , Grace Feng

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT has inspired the development of LLM-based agents capable of addressing complex, real-world tasks. However, these agents often struggle during task execution due to methodological…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Yaoxiang Wang , Zhiyong Wu , Junfeng Yao , Jinsong Su

Navigating dynamic urban environments presents significant challenges for embodied agents, requiring advanced spatial reasoning and adherence to common-sense norms. Despite progress, existing visual navigation methods struggle in map-free…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Xinhao Liu , Jintong Li , Yicheng Jiang , Niranjan Sujay , Zhicheng Yang , Juexiao Zhang , John Abanes , Jing Zhang , Chen Feng

The current paradigm of test-time scaling relies on generating long reasoning traces ("thinking" more) before producing a response. In agent problems that require interaction, this can be done by generating thinking traces before acting in…

Web agents based on large language models have demonstrated promising capability in automating web tasks. However, current web agents struggle to reason out sensible actions due to the limitations of predicting environment changes, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Zhouzhou Shen , Xueyu Hu , Xiyun Li , Tianqing Fang , Juncheng Li , Shengyu Zhang

The paradigm of Large Language Models (LLMs) has increasingly shifted toward agentic applications, where web browsing capabilities are fundamental for retrieving information from diverse online sources. However, existing open-source web…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Junteng Liu , Yunji Li , Chi Zhang , Jingyang Li , Aili Chen , Ke Ji , Weiyu Cheng , Zijia Wu , Chengyu Du , Qidi Xu , Jiayuan Song , Zhengmao Zhu , Wenhu Chen , Pengyu Zhao , Junxian He

We introduce AgentSynth, a scalable and cost-efficient pipeline for automatically synthesizing high-quality tasks and trajectory datasets for generalist computer-use agents. Leveraging information asymmetry, AgentSynth constructs subtasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jingxu Xie , Dylan Xu , Xuandong Zhao , Dawn Song

Annotated 3D scene data is scarce and expensive to acquire, while abundant unlabeled videos are readily available on the internet. In this paper, we demonstrate that carefully designed data engines can leverage web-curated, unlabeled videos…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Yixin Chen , Yaowei Zhang , Huangyue Yu , Junchao He , Yan Wang , Jiangyong Huang , Hongyu Shen , Junfeng Ni , Shaofei Wang , Baoxiong Jia , Song-Chun Zhu , Siyuan Huang

The efficacy of large language models (LLMs) on downstream tasks usually hinges on instruction tuning, which relies critically on the quality of training data. Unfortunately, collecting high-quality and diverse data is both expensive and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Hang Zhou , Yehui Tang , Haochen Qin , Yujie Yang , Renren Jin , Deyi Xiong , Kai Han , Yunhe Wang

Prior works on training software engineering agents have explored utilizing existing resources such as issues on GitHub repositories to construct software engineering tasks and corresponding test suites. These approaches face two key…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yiqi Zhu , Apurva Gandhi , Graham Neubig

In this paper, we propose an scalable approach to modeling based upon word processing documents, and we describe the tool Phoenix providing the technical infrastructure. For our training environment d3web.Train, we developed a tool to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Christian Betz , Alexander Hoernlein , Frank Puppe

Recent advances in multimodal large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized web agents that can automate complex tasks on websites. However, their accuracy remains limited by the scarcity of high-quality web trajectory training data.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Fazle Elahi Faisal , Qianhui Wu , Baolin Peng , Jianfeng Gao

User studies are central to user experience research, yet recruiting participant is expensive, slow, and limited in diversity. Recent work has explored using Large Language Models as simulated users, but doubts about fidelity have hindered…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Siyang Liu , Sahand Sabour , Xiaoyang Wang , Rada Mihalcea

Recently, there has been a surge of vision-based GUI agents designed to automate everyday mobile and web tasks. These agents interpret raw GUI screenshots and autonomously decide where to click, scroll, or type, which bypasses handcrafted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Yucheng Shi , Wenhao Yu , Zaitang Li , Yonglin Wang , Hongming Zhang , Ninghao Liu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

Large language model-based web agents have demonstrated strong performance on realistic web interaction tasks. However, existing evaluations are predominantly conducted under relatively stable and well-behaved interaction conditions, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Haoyue Bai , Dong Wang , Long Chen , Bingguang Hao , Pengyang Shao , Yonghui Yang , Yicheng He , Chenyi Zhuang

LLM-based agents can autonomously accomplish complex tasks across various domains. However, to further cultivate capabilities such as adaptive behavior and long-term decision-making, training on static datasets built from human-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Yuchen Huang , Sijia Li , Minghao Liu , Wei Liu , Shijue Huang , Zhiyuan Fan , Hou Pong Chan , Yi R. Fung

Large language model-based agents show promise for software engineering, but environment configuration remains a bottleneck due to heavy manual effort and scarce large-scale, high-quality datasets. Existing benchmarks assess only end-to-end…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Jiayi Kuang , Yinghui Li , Xin Zhang , Yangning Li , Di Yin , Xing Sun , Ying Shen , Philip S. Yu

In this paper, we introduce UI-Genie, a self-improving framework addressing two key challenges in GUI agents: verification of trajectory outcome is challenging and high-quality training data are not scalable. These challenges are addressed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Han Xiao , Guozhi Wang , Yuxiang Chai , Zimu Lu , Weifeng Lin , Hao He , Lue Fan , Liuyang Bian , Rui Hu , Liang Liu , Shuai Ren , Yafei Wen , Xiaoxin Chen , Aojun Zhou , Hongsheng Li

Web agents automate browser tasks, ranging from simple form completion to complex workflows like ordering groceries. While current benchmarks evaluate general-purpose performance~(e.g., WebArena) or safety against malicious actions~(e.g.,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Guruprasad Viswanathan Ramesh , Asmit Nayak , Basieem Siddique , Kassem Fawaz