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Maximizing the separation between classes constitutes a well-known inductive bias in machine learning and a pillar of many traditional algorithms. By default, deep networks are not equipped with this inductive bias and therefore many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Tejaswi Kasarla , Gertjan J. Burghouts , Max van Spengler , Elise van der Pol , Rita Cucchiara , Pascal Mettes

Modern neural network architectures often generalize well despite containing many more parameters than the size of the training dataset. This paper explores the generalization capabilities of neural networks trained via gradient descent. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-05 Samet Oymak , Zalan Fabian , Mingchen Li , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi

In recent years, implicit deep learning has emerged as a method to increase the effective depth of deep neural networks. While their training is memory-efficient, they are still significantly slower to train than their explicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Zaccharie Ramzi , Florian Mannel , Shaojie Bai , Jean-Luc Starck , Philippe Ciuciu , Thomas Moreau

A deep equilibrium model uses implicit layers, which are implicitly defined through an equilibrium point of an infinite sequence of computation. It avoids any explicit computation of the infinite sequence by finding an equilibrium point…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Kenji Kawaguchi

Meta-learning owns unique effectiveness and swiftness in tackling emerging tasks with limited data. Its broad applicability is revealed by viewing it as a bi-level optimization problem. The resultant algorithmic viewpoint however, faces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Yilang Zhang , Bingcong Li , Shijian Gao , Georgios B. Giannakis

Image registration is a fundamental step in medical image analysis. Ideally, the transformation that registers one image to another should be a diffeomorphism that is both invertible and smooth. Traditional methods like geodesic shooting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Dongyang Kuang

In linear models, visualizing a weight vector naturally reveals the model's preferred input direction, but extending this intuition to deep networks via gradients or gradient ascent often yields brittle or adversarial-looking features. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Maciej Satkiewicz , Roberto Corizzo , Marcin Pietroń

In appropriate frameworks, automatic differentiation is transparent to the user at the cost of being a significant computational burden when the number of operations is large. For iterative algorithms, implicit differentiation alleviates…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-05-24 Jérôme Bolte , Edouard Pauwels , Samuel Vaiter

Deep neural networks are highly expressive machine learning models with the ability to interpolate arbitrary datasets. Deep nets are typically optimized via first-order methods and the optimization process crucially depends on the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-12 Talha Cihad Gulcu

The efficient computation of Jacobians represents a fundamental challenge in computational science and engineering. Large-scale modular numerical simulation programs can be regarded as sequences of evaluations of in our case differentiable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Uwe Naumann

We introduce a weak notion of $2\times 2$-minors of gradients of a suitable subclass of $BV$ functions. In the case of maps in $BV(\mathbb{R}^2;\mathbb{R}^2)$ such a notion extends the standard definition of Jacobian determinant to…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2022-05-31 Lucia De Luca , Riccardo Scala , Nicolas Van Goethem

Integrating hard constraints into deep learning is essential for safety-critical systems. Yet existing constructive layers that project predictions onto constraint boundaries face a fundamental bottleneck: gradient saturation. By collapsing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Philipp J. Schneider , Daniel Kuhn

The generalization error of deep neural networks via their classification margin is studied in this work. Our approach is based on the Jacobian matrix of a deep neural network and can be applied to networks with arbitrary non-linearities…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-07-04 Jure Sokolic , Raja Giryes , Guillermo Sapiro , Miguel R. D. Rodrigues

Optimal feedback control with implicit Hamiltonians poses a fundamental challenge for learning-based value function methods due to the absence of closed-form optimal control laws. Recent work~\cite{gelphman2025end} introduced an implicit…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-28 Eric Gelphman , Deepanshu Verma , Nicole Tianjiao Yang , Stanley Osher , Samy Wu Fung

In this work we introduce methods to reduce the computational and memory costs of training deep neural networks. Our approach consists in replacing exact vector-jacobian products by randomized, unbiased approximations thereof during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Killian Bakong , Laurent Massoulié , Edouard Oyallon , Kevin Scaman

This work presents a general principle, in the spirit of convex integration, leading to a method for the characterization of Young measures generated by gradients of maps in $W^{1,p}$ with $p$ less than the space dimension, whose Jacobian…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2014-10-29 Konstantinos Koumatos , Filip Rindler , Emil Wiedemann

Deep learning is increasingly used for complex, large-scale systems where first-principles modeling is difficult. However, standard deep learning models often fail to enforce physical structure or preserve convexity in downstream control,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-25 Teruki Kato , Ryotaro Shima , Kenji Kashima

Deep neural networks typically learn spatially entangled representations that conflate discriminative foreground features with spurious background correlations, thereby undermining model interpretability and robustness. We propose a novel…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Kaixiang Shu , Kai Meng , Junqin Luo

We develop a unified matrix-spectral framework for analyzing stability and interpretability in deep neural networks. Representing networks as data-dependent products of linear operators reveals spectral quantities governing sensitivity to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ronald Katende

Training recurrent neural networks (RNNs) remains a challenge due to the instability of gradients across long time horizons, which can lead to exploding and vanishing gradients. Recent research has linked these problems to the values of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Rainer Engelken