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Hybrid sequence models that combine efficient Transformer components with linear sequence modeling blocks are a promising alternative to pure Transformers, but most are still pretrained from scratch and therefore fail to reuse existing…

Transformer architecture has been very successful long runner in the field of Deep Learning (DL) and Large Language Models (LLM) because of its powerful attention-based learning and parallel-natured architecture. As the models grow gigantic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Phani Kumar , Nyshadham , Jyothendra Varma , Polisetty V R K , Aditya Rathore

Pretrained transformer models have demonstrated remarkable performance across various natural language processing tasks. These models leverage the attention mechanism to capture long- and short-range dependencies in the sequence. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Qingru Zhang , Dhananjay Ram , Cole Hawkins , Sheng Zha , Tuo Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as LLaMA and DeepSeek, are built on transformer architectures, which have become a standard model for achieving state-of-the-art performance in natural language processing tasks. Recently, there has been…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Bas Ahn , Xingjian Tao , Manil Dev Gomony , Marc Geilen , Henk Corporaal

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable potential in processing long sequences and complex reasoning tasks, yet efficiently serving these models remains challenging due to the quadratic computational complexity of attention in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Shang Yang , Junxian Guo , Haotian Tang , Qinghao Hu , Guangxuan Xiao , Jiaming Tang , Yujun Lin , Zhijian Liu , Yao Lu , Song Han

Long-context Large Language Model (LLM) inference faces increasing compute bottlenecks as attention calculations scale with context length, primarily due to the growing KV-cache transfer overhead that saturates High Bandwidth Memory (HBM).…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Ming-Yen Lee , Faaiq Waqar , Hanchen Yang , Muhammed Ahosan Ul Karim , Harsono Simka , Shimeng Yu

Transformers have demonstrated great success in numerous domains including natural language processing and bioinformatics. This success stems from the use of the attention mechanism by these models in order to represent and propagate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Nathaniel Tomczak , Sanmukh Kuppannagari

Long contexts improve capabilities of large language models but pose serious hardware challenges: compute and memory footprints grow linearly with sequence length. Particularly, the decoding phase continuously accesses massive KV cache,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Wang Fan , Wei Cao , Xi Zha , Kedi Ma , MingQian Sun , Jialin Chen , Fengzhe Zhang , Fan Zhang

We introduce Kimi Linear, a hybrid linear attention architecture that, for the first time, outperforms full attention under fair comparisons across various scenarios -- including short-context, long-context, and reinforcement learning (RL)…

Extending the functionality of the Transformer model to accommodate longer sequence lengths has become a critical challenge. This extension is crucial not only for improving tasks such as language translation and long-context processing but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Hengyu Zhang

Accelerating large language model (LLM) inference is critical for real-world deployments requiring high throughput and low latency. Contextual sparsity, where each token dynamically activates only a small subset of the model parameters,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Susav Shrestha , Brad Settlemyer , Nikoli Dryden , Narasimha Reddy

Recent advances in transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various tasks. However, their quadratic computational complexity concerning sequence length remains a significant bottleneck…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Zichuan Fu , Wentao Song , Yejing Wang , Xian Wu , Yefeng Zheng , Yingying Zhang , Derong Xu , Xuetao Wei , Tong Xu , Xiangyu Zhao

Sparse-Linear Attention (SLA) combines sparse and linear attention to accelerate diffusion models and has shown strong performance in video generation. However, (i) SLA relies on a heuristic split that assigns computations to the sparse or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Jintao Zhang , Haoxu Wang , Kai Jiang , Kaiwen Zheng , Youhe Jiang , Ion Stoica , Jianfei Chen , Jun Zhu , Joseph E. Gonzalez

Long-context inference in large language models is bottlenecked by the quadratic cost of full attention. Existing efficient alternatives often rely either on native sparse training or on heuristic token eviction, creating an undesirable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yanke Zhou , Yiduo Li , Hanlin Tang , Maohua Li , Kan Liu , Lan Tao , Lin Qu , Yuan Yao , Xiaoxing Ma

We introduce MiniMax-M1, the world's first open-weight, large-scale hybrid-attention reasoning model. MiniMax-M1 is powered by a hybrid Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture combined with a lightning attention mechanism. The model is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 MiniMax , : , Aili Chen , Aonian Li , Bangwei Gong , Binyang Jiang , Bo Fei , Bo Yang , Boji Shan , Changqing Yu , Chao Wang , Cheng Zhu , Chengjun Xiao , Chengyu Du , Chi Zhang , Chu Qiao , Chunhao Zhang , Chunhui Du , Congchao Guo , Da Chen , Deming Ding , Dianjun Sun , Dong Li , Enwei Jiao , Haigang Zhou , Haimo Zhang , Han Ding , Haohai Sun , Haoyu Feng , Huaiguang Cai , Haichao Zhu , Jian Sun , Jiaqi Zhuang , Jiaren Cai , Jiayuan Song , Jin Zhu , Jingyang Li , Jinhao Tian , Jinli Liu , Junhao Xu , Junjie Yan , Junteng Liu , Junxian He , Kaiyi Feng , Ke Yang , Kecheng Xiao , Le Han , Leyang Wang , Lianfei Yu , Liheng Feng , Lin Li , Lin Zheng , Linge Du , Lingyu Yang , Lunbin Zeng , Minghui Yu , Mingliang Tao , Mingyuan Chi , Mozhi Zhang , Mujie Lin , Nan Hu , Nongyu Di , Peng Gao , Pengfei Li , Pengyu Zhao , Qibing Ren , Qidi Xu , Qile Li , Qin Wang , Rong Tian , Ruitao Leng , Shaoxiang Chen , Shaoyu Chen , Shengmin Shi , Shitong Weng , Shuchang Guan , Shuqi Yu , Sichen Li , Songquan Zhu , Tengfei Li , Tianchi Cai , Tianrun Liang , Weiyu Cheng , Weize Kong , Wenkai Li , Xiancai Chen , Xiangjun Song , Xiao Luo , Xiao Su , Xiaobo Li , Xiaodong Han , Xinzhu Hou , Xuan Lu , Xun Zou , Xuyang Shen , Yan Gong , Yan Ma , Yang Wang , Yiqi Shi , Yiran Zhong , Yonghong Duan , Yongxiang Fu , Yongyi Hu , Yu Gao , Yuanxiang Fan , Yufeng Yang , Yuhao Li , Yulin Hu , Yunan Huang , Yunji Li , Yunzhi Xu , Yuxin Mao , Yuxuan Shi , Yuze Wenren , Zehan Li , Zelin Li , Zhanxu Tian , Zhengmao Zhu , Zhenhua Fan , Zhenzhen Wu , Zhichao Xu , Zhihang Yu , Zhiheng Lyu , Zhuo Jiang , Zibo Gao , Zijia Wu , Zijian Song , Zijun Sun

Transformers are the mainstream of NLP applications and are becoming increasingly popular in other domains such as Computer Vision. Despite the improvements in model quality, the enormous computation costs make Transformers difficult at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Liu Liu , Zheng Qu , Zhaodong Chen , Yufei Ding , Yuan Xie

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in various fields, the efficiency of training and inference remains a major challenge. To address this issue, we propose SUBLLM, short for Subsampling-Upsampling-Bypass…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Quandong Wang , Yuxuan Yuan , Xiaoyu Yang , Ruike Zhang , Kang Zhao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Daniel Povey , Bin Wang

Sparsity has long been a central theme in LLM efficiency, but its role in context processing remains unresolved. As LLM workloads shift toward longer contexts and agentic interactions, the compute and memory bottlenecks of attention become…

Transformer architectures based on the attention mechanism have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP), driving major breakthroughs across virtually every NLP task. However, their substantial memory and computational requirements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Riccardo Bravin , Massimo Pavan , Hazem Hesham Yousef Shalby , Fabrizio Pittorino , Manuel Roveri

Looped Transformers (LT) have emerged as a powerful architecture by iterating their layers multiple times before decoding the final token. However, pairing them with full attention retains quadratic complexity, making them computationally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Chunyuan Deng , Yizhe Zhang , Rui-Jie Zhu , Yuanyuan Xu , Jiarui Liu , T. S. Eugene Ng , Hanjie Chen