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Reliable evaluation of large language models (LLMs) is critical as their deployment rapidly expands, particularly in high-stakes domains such as business and finance. The LLM-as-a-Judge framework, which uses prompted LLMs to evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Michael Krumdick , Charles Lovering , Varshini Reddy , Seth Ebner , Chris Tanner

Large Language Models (LLMs) have spurred interest in automatic evaluation methods for summarization, offering a faster, more cost-effective alternative to human evaluation. However, existing methods often fall short when applied to complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Ziwei Gong , Lin Ai , Harshsaiprasad Deshpande , Alexander Johnson , Emmy Phung , Zehui Wu , Ahmad Emami , Julia Hirschberg

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great potential as evaluators of NLG systems, allowing for high-quality, reference-free, and multi-aspect assessments. However, existing LLM-based metrics suffer from two major drawbacks:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Ivan Kartáč , Mateusz Lango , Ondřej Dušek

As large language models (LLMs) gain widespread attention in both academia and industry, it becomes increasingly critical and challenging to effectively evaluate their capabilities. Existing evaluation methods can be broadly categorized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Lang Mei , Chong Chen , Jiaxin Mao

The impressive performance of large language models (LLMs) has attracted considerable attention from the academic and industrial communities. Besides how to construct and train LLMs, how to effectively evaluate and compare the capacity of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Zhumin Chu , Qingyao Ai , Yiteng Tu , Haitao Li , Yiqun Liu

In text summarization and simplification, system outputs must be evaluated along multiple dimensions such as relevance, factual consistency, fluency, and grammaticality, and a wide range of possible outputs could be of high quality. These…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Yu Lu Liu , Rachel Bawden , Thomas Scialom , Benoît Sagot , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung

Reliable evaluation is essential for the development of vision-language models (VLMs). However, Japanese VQA benchmarks have undergone far less iterative refinement than their English counterparts. As a result, many existing benchmarks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Issa Sugiura , Koki Maeda , Shuhei Kurita , Yusuke Oda , Daisuke Kawahara , Naoaki Okazaki

As large language models (LLMs) advance, it becomes more challenging to reliably evaluate their output due to the high costs of human evaluation. To make progress towards better LLM autoraters, we introduce FLAMe, a family of Foundational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Tu Vu , Kalpesh Krishna , Salaheddin Alzubi , Chris Tar , Manaal Faruqui , Yun-Hsuan Sung

User profiling, as a core technique for user understanding, aims to infer structural attributes from user information. Large Language Models (LLMs) provide a promising avenue for user profiling, yet the progress is hindered by the lack of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Yingxin Li , Jianbo Zhao , Xueyu Ren , Jie Tang , Wangjie You , Xu Chen , Kan Zhou , Chao Feng , Jiao Ran , Yuan Meng , Zhi Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized AI-generated content evaluation, with the LLM-as-a-Judge paradigm becoming increasingly popular. However, current single-LLM evaluation approaches face significant challenges, including…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yiyue Qian , Shinan Zhang , Yun Zhou , Haibo Ding , Diego Socolinsky , Yi Zhang

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) and the development of increasingly large and diverse evaluation benchmarks have introduced substantial computational challenges for model assessment. In this paper, we present EffiEval,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yaoning Wang , Jiahao Ying , Yixin Cao , Yubo Ma , Yugang Jiang

The generation of presentation slides automatically is an important problem in the era of generative AI. This paper focuses on evaluating multimodal content in presentation slides that can effectively summarize a document and convey…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ananth Muppidi , Tarak Das , Sambaran Bandyopadhyay , Tripti Shukla , Dharun D A

General large language models enhanced with supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning from human feedback are increasingly popular in academia and industry as they generalize foundation models to various practical tasks in a prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Shiguo Lian , Kaikai Zhao , Xinhui Liu , Xuejiao Lei , Bikun Yang , Wenjing Zhang , Kai Wang , Zhaoxiang Liu

Robust evaluation is critical for deploying trustworthy retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems. However, current LLM-based evaluation frameworks predominantly rely on directly prompting resource-intensive models with complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Kun Li , Yunxiang Li , Tianhua Zhang , Hongyin Luo , Xixin Wu , James Glass , Helen Meng

Large Language Model (LLM) integrations into applications like Microsoft365 suite and Google Workspace for creating/processing documents, emails, presentations, etc. has led to considerable enhancements in productivity and time savings. But…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Reshmi Ghosh , Tianyi Yao , Lizzy Chen , Sadid Hasan , Tianwei Chen , Dario Bernal , Huitian Jiao , H M Sajjad Hossain

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used as scalable evaluators of model responses in lieu of human annotators. However, imperfect sensitivity and specificity of the LLM judges induce bias in naive evaluation scores. We propose a simple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Chungpa Lee , Thomas Zeng , Jongwon Jeong , Jy-yong Sohn , Kangwook Lee

We focus on the automatic evaluation of image captions in both reference-based and reference-free settings. Existing metrics based on large language models (LLMs) favor their own generations; therefore, the neutrality is in question. Most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Shinnosuke Hirano , Yuiga Wada , Kazuki Matsuda , Seitaro Otsuki , Komei Sugiura

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to open-ended, interpretive annotation tasks, such as thematic analysis by researchers or generating feedback on student work by teachers. These tasks involve free-text annotations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Hyunji Nam , Lucia Langlois , James Malamut , Mei Tan , Dorottya Demszky

Automatic evaluation is an integral aspect of dialogue system research. The traditional reference-based NLG metrics are generally found to be unsuitable for dialogue assessment. Consequently, recent studies have suggested various unique,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Chen Zhang , Luis Fernando D'Haro , Yiming Chen , Malu Zhang , Haizhou Li

Relevance judgments are crucial for evaluating information retrieval systems, but traditional human-annotated labels are time-consuming and expensive. As a result, many researchers turn to automatic alternatives to accelerate method…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Naghmeh Farzi , Laura Dietz