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Deep generative models trained by maximum likelihood remain very popular methods for reasoning about data probabilistically. However, it has been observed that they can assign higher likelihoods to out-of-distribution (OOD) data than…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-16 Anthony L. Caterini , Gabriel Loaiza-Ganem

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for ensuring the reliability of deep learning systems, particularly in safety-critical applications. Likelihood-based deep generative models have historically faced criticism for their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Yifan Ding , Arturas Aleksandraus , Amirhossein Ahmadian , Jonas Unger , Fredrik Lindsten , Gabriel Eilertsen

Likelihood-based generative models are a promising resource to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs which could compromise the robustness or reliability of a machine learning system. However, likelihoods derived from such models have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-20 Joan Serrà , David Álvarez , Vicenç Gómez , Olga Slizovskaia , José F. Núñez , Jordi Luque

Likelihood-based deep generative models (DGMs) commonly exhibit a puzzling behaviour: when trained on a relatively complex dataset, they assign higher likelihood values to out-of-distribution (OOD) data from simpler sources. Adding to the…

Using the intuition that out-of-distribution data have lower likelihoods, a common approach for out-of-distribution detection involves estimating the underlying data distribution. Normalizing flows are likelihood-based generative models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Seyedeh Fatemeh Razavi , Mohammad Mahdi Mehmanchi , Reshad Hosseini , Mostafa Tavassolipour

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an important task in machine learning systems for ensuring their reliability and safety. Deep probabilistic generative models facilitate OOD detection by estimating the likelihood of a data sample.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Jaemoo Choi , Changyeon Yoon , Jeongwoo Bae , Myungjoo Kang

Deep neural networks (DNNs) often exhibit overconfidence when encountering out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, posing significant challenges for deployment. Since DNNs are trained on in-distribution (ID) datasets, the information flow of ID…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Guide Yang , Chao Hou , Weilong Peng , Xiang Fang , Yongwei Nie , Peican Zhu , Keke Tang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial to safety-critical machine learning applications and has been extensively studied. While recent studies have predominantly focused on classifier-based methods, research on deep generative model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Genki Osada , Tsubasa Takahashi , Takashi Nishide

Out-of-Distribution detection between dataset pairs has been extensively explored with generative models. We show that likelihood-based Out-of-Distribution detection can be extended to diffusion models by leveraging the fact that they, like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Joseph Goodier , Neill D. F. Campbell

When deploying a trained machine learning model in the real world, it is inevitable to receive inputs from out-of-distribution (OOD) sources. For instance, in continual learning settings, it is common to encounter OOD samples due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Chuanwen Feng , Wenlong Chen , Ao Ke , Yilong Ren , Xike Xie , S. Kevin Zhou

Likelihood-based deep generative models (DGMs) have gained significant attention for their ability to approximate the distributions of high-dimensional data. However, these models lack a performance guarantee in assigning higher likelihood…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Behrooz Montazeran , Ullrich Köthe

Deep probabilistic generative models enable modeling the likelihoods of very high dimensional data. An important application of generative modeling should be the ability to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) samples by setting a threshold on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Zhisheng Xiao , Qing Yan , Yali Amit

An intuitive way to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) data is via the density function of a fitted probabilistic generative model: points with low density may be classed as OOD. But this approach has been found to fail, in deep learning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-02 Andi Zhang , Damon Wischik

Normalizing flows are prominent deep generative models that provide tractable probability distributions and efficient density estimation. However, they are well known to fail while detecting Out-of-Distribution (OOD) inputs as they directly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Nishant Kumar , Pia Hanfeld , Michael Hecht , Michael Bussmann , Stefan Gumhold , Nico Hoffmann

Likelihood from a generative model is a natural statistic for detecting out-of-distribution (OoD) samples. However, generative models have been shown to assign higher likelihood to OoD samples compared to ones from the training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-22 Jiaming Song , Yang Song , Stefano Ermon

Discriminative neural networks offer little or no performance guarantees when deployed on data not generated by the same process as the training distribution. On such out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, the prediction may not only be…

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for reliably deploying machine learning models in the wild. Yet, most methods treat large pre-trained models as monolithic encoders and rely solely on their final-layer representations for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-21 I. M. De la Jara , C. Rodriguez-Opazo , D. Teney , D. Ranasinghe , E. Abbasnejad

In addition to accurate scene understanding through precise semantic segmentation of LiDAR point clouds, detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) objects, instances not encountered during training, is essential to prevent the incorrect…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Hanieh Shojaei Miandashti , Claus Brenner

As deep learning methods form a critical part in commercially important applications such as autonomous driving and medical diagnostics, it is important to reliably detect out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs while employing these algorithms.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Apoorv Vyas , Nataraj Jammalamadaka , Xia Zhu , Dipankar Das , Bharat Kaul , Theodore L. Willke

Unsupervised out-of-distribution (U-OOD) detection is to identify OOD data samples with a detector trained solely on unlabeled in-distribution (ID) data. The likelihood function estimated by a deep generative model (DGM) could be a natural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-09 Yewen Li , Chaojie Wang , Xiaobo Xia , Xu He , Ruyi An , Dong Li , Tongliang Liu , Bo An , Xinrun Wang
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