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Reasoning has become a defining capability of modern foundation models, yet its development in the audio modality remains limited. Audio poses challenges that are distinct from those of text and vision. It is continuous, temporally dense,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-21 Zhihan Guo , Wenqian Cui , Guan-Ting Lin , Daxin Tan , Jingyao Li , Qiyong Zheng , Dingdong Wang , Jing Xiong , Han Shi , Jiaya Jia , Irwin King

Even without directly hearing sounds, humans can effortlessly reason about auditory properties, such as pitch, loudness, or sound-source associations, drawing on auditory commonsense. In contrast, language models often lack this capability,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Hyunjong Ok , Suho Yoo , Hyeonjun Kim , Jaeho Lee

Podcast script generation requires LLMs to synthesize structured, context-grounded dialogue from diverse inputs, yet systematic evaluation resources for this task remain limited. To bridge this gap, we introduce PodBench, a benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Chenning Xu , Mao Zheng , Mingyu Zheng , Mingyang Song

As the volume of long-form spoken-word content such as podcasts explodes, many platforms desire to present short, meaningful, and logically coherent segments extracted from the full content. Such segments can be consumed by users to sample…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Elise Jing , Kristiana Schneck , Dennis Egan , Scott A. Waterman

Multi-modal contrastive learning techniques in the audio-text domain have quickly become a highly active area of research. Most works are evaluated with standard audio retrieval and classification benchmarks assuming that (i) these models…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Ho-Hsiang Wu , Oriol Nieto , Juan Pablo Bello , Justin Salamon

Automated audio captioning (AAC) is an audio-to-text task to describe audio contents in natural language. Recently, the advancements in large language models (LLMs), with improvements in training approaches for audio encoders, have opened…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Jizhong Liu , Gang Li , Junbo Zhang , Heinrich Dinkel , Yongqing Wang , Zhiyong Yan , Yujun Wang , Bin Wang

We introduce AudioBench, a universal benchmark designed to evaluate Audio Large Language Models (AudioLLMs). It encompasses 8 distinct tasks and 26 datasets, among which, 7 are newly proposed datasets. The evaluation targets three main…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Bin Wang , Xunlong Zou , Geyu Lin , Shuo Sun , Zhuohan Liu , Wenyu Zhang , Zhengyuan Liu , AiTi Aw , Nancy F. Chen

Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) have emerged as powerful tools for speech-related tasks but remain underexplored for fine-tuning, especially with limited speech data. To bridge this gap, we systematically examine how different…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Youngwon Choi , Jaeyoon Jung , Hyeonyu Kim , Huu-Kim Nguyen , Hwayeon Kim

The Audio Question Answering (AQA) task includes audio event classification, audio captioning, and open-ended reasoning. Recently, AQA has garnered attention due to the advent of Large Audio Language Models (LALMs). Current literature…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Arvind Krishna Sridhar , Yinyi Guo , Erik Visser

Current speech evaluation suffers from two critical limitations: the need and difficulty of designing specialized systems targeting individual audio characteristics, and poor correlation between automatic evaluation methods and human…

Audio-language models have shown promising results in various sound understanding tasks, yet they remain limited in their ability to reason over the fine-grained semantics of sound. In this paper, we present AudSemThinker, a model whose…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Gijs Wijngaard , Elia Formisano , Michele Esposito , Michel Dumontier

Recently, there has been an increasing focus on audio-text cross-modal learning. However, most of the existing audio-text datasets contain only simple descriptions of sound events. Compared with classification labels, the advantages of such…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Xuenan Xu , Xiaohang Xu , Zeyu Xie , Pingyue Zhang , Mengyue Wu , Kai Yu

With advancements in large audio-language models (LALMs), which enhance large language models (LLMs) with auditory capabilities, these models are expected to demonstrate universal proficiency across various auditory tasks. While numerous…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Chih-Kai Yang , Neo S. Ho , Hung-yi Lee

Multi-modal learning, particularly among imaging and linguistic modalities, has made amazing strides in many high-level fundamental visual understanding problems, ranging from language grounding to dense event captioning. However, much of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-28 Tanzila Rahman , Bicheng Xu , Leonid Sigal

Automatic speech transcripts are often delivered as unstructured word streams that impede readability and repurposing. We recast paragraph segmentation as the missing structuring step and fill three gaps at the intersection of speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Fabian Retkowski , Alexander Waibel

Speech segmentation is an essential part of speech translation (ST) systems in real-world scenarios. Since most ST models are designed to process speech segments, long-form audio must be partitioned into shorter segments before translation.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-18 Jaesong Lee , Soyoon Kim , Hanbyul Kim , Joon Son Chung

Audio often serves as an auxiliary modality in video understanding tasks of audio-visual large language models (LLMs), merely assisting in the comprehension of visual information. However, a thorough understanding of videos significantly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yudong Yang , Jimin Zhuang , Guangzhi Sun , Changli Tang , Yixuan Li , Peihan Li , Yifan Jiang , Wei Li , Zejun Ma , Chao Zhang

Evaluating personalized recommendations remains a central challenge, especially in long-form audio domains like podcasts, where traditional offline metrics suffer from exposure bias and online methods such as A/B testing are costly and…

Recent advancements in large audio-language models (LALMs) have shown impressive capabilities in understanding and reasoning about audio and speech information. However, these models still face challenges, including hallucinating…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-03 Chun-Yi Kuan , Hung-yi Lee

Speech-to-speech large language models (SLLMs) are attracting increasing attention. Derived from text-based large language models (LLMs), SLLMs often exhibit degradation in knowledge and reasoning capabilities. We hypothesize that this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Yuhao Zhang , Yuhao Du , Zhanchen Dai , Xiangnan Ma , Kaiqi Kou , Benyou Wang , Haizhou Li