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Serving large language models (LLMs) at scale necessitates efficient key-value (KV) cache management. KV caches can be reused across conversation turns via shared-prefix prompts that are common in iterative code editing and chat. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Konrad Staniszewski , Adrian Łańcucki

Long Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning has significantly advanced the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), but this progress is accompanied by substantial memory and latency overhead from the extensive Key-Value (KV) cache. Although…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Tao Zhang , Ziqian Zeng , Hao Peng , Huiping Zhuang , Cen Chen

Although the variational autoencoder (VAE) and its conditional extension (CVAE) are capable of state-of-the-art results across multiple domains, their precise behavior is still not fully understood, particularly in the context of data (like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Yijia Zheng , Tong He , Yixuan Qiu , David Wipf

Current neural reranking approaches for retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) rely on cross-encoders or large language models (LLMs), requiring substantial computational resources and exhibiting latencies of 3-5 seconds per query. We propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Wen G. Gong

This work studies how to adaptively recompute key-value (KV) caches for diffusion large language models (DLMs) to maximize prediction accuracy while minimizing decoding latency. Prior methods' decoders recompute QKV for all tokens at every…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Quan Nguyen-Tri , Mukul Ranjan , Zhiqiang Shen

The large size of the KV cache has become a major bottleneck for serving LLMs with increasing context lengths. In response, many KV cache compression methods, such as token dropping and quantization, have been proposed. However, almost all…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jiayi Yao , Samuel Shen , Kuntai Du , Shaoting Feng , Dongjoo Seo , Rui Zhang , Yuyang Huang , Yuhan Liu , Shan Lu , Junchen Jiang

Long-form video question answering (VQA) overwhelms current vision-language models (VLMs) because attention and key-value (KV) caches grow with runtime, forcing either expensive inference or near-sighted sliding windows. We introduce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Shrenik Patel , Daivik Patel

Key-Value (KV) cache quantization has become a widely adopted optimization technique for efficient large language models (LLMs) inference by reducing KV cache memory usage and mitigating memory-bound constraints. Recent studies have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Zunhai Su , Kehong Yuan

The linear memory growth of the KV cache poses a significant bottleneck for LLM inference in long-context tasks. Existing static compression methods often fail to preserve globally important information. Although recent dynamic retrieval…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zhiyuan Shi , Qibo Qiu , Feng Xue , Zhonglin Jiang , Li Yu , Jian Jiang , Xiaofei He , Wenxiao Wang

Modern multimodal large language models (MLLMs) can reason over hour-long video, yet their key-value (KV) cache grows linearly with time-quickly exceeding the fixed memory of phones, AR glasses, and edge robots. Prior compression schemes…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-27 Minsoo Kim , Kyuhong Shim , Jungwook Choi , Simyung Chang

The outstanding performance of large foundational models across diverse tasks, from computer vision to speech and natural language processing, has significantly increased their demand. However, storing and transmitting these models poses…

The ability of deep learning methods to perform classification and regression tasks relies heavily on their capacity to uncover manifolds in high-dimensional data spaces and project them into low-dimensional representation spaces. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Mani Valleti , Rama K. Vasudevan , Maxim A. Ziatdinov , Sergei V. Kalinin

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) present a promising alternative to dominant autoregressive models (ARMs) by the ability of parallel decoding at the expense of substantial computation and memory costs. Specifically, the cache…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Jianuo Huang , Yaojie Zhang , Yicun Yang , Benhao Huang , Biqing Qi , Dongrui Liu , Linfeng Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in scenarios demanding ultra-long context reasoning, such as agentic workflows and deep research understanding. However, long-context inference is constrained by the KV cache, a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jianlong Lei , Shashikant Ilager

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is realized with coherent detection and is therefore very suitable for a cost-efficient implementation. The major challenge in CV-QKD is mitigation of laser phase noise at a signal to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-13 Sebastian Kleis , Max Rueckmann , Christian G. Schaeffer

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) is often hindered by the extensive memory requirements of the Key-Value (KV) cache, especially as context lengths increase. Existing approaches to reduce the KV cache size involve either…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Alessio Devoto , Yu Zhao , Simone Scardapane , Pasquale Minervini

With the development of large language models (LLMs), efficient inference through Key-Value (KV) cache compression has attracted considerable attention, especially for long-context generation. To compress the KV cache, recent methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Qingyue Yang , Jie Wang , Xing Li , Zhihai Wang , Chen Chen , Lei Chen , Xianzhi Yu , Wulong Liu , Jianye Hao , Mingxuan Yuan , Bin Li

Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) enables each attention head to capture multi-frequency information along the sequence dimension and is widely applied in foundation models. However, the nonlinearity introduced by RoPE complicates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yuhao Zhou , Sirui Song , Boyang Liu , Zhiheng Xi , Senjie Jin , Xiaoran Fan , Zhihao Zhang , Wei Li , Xuanjing Huang

Autoregressive video diffusion models have demonstrated remarkable progress, yet they remain bottlenecked by intractable linear KV-cache growth, temporal repetition, and compounding errors during long-video generation. To address these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Xiaofeng Mao , Shaohao Rui , Kaining Ying , Bo Zheng , Chuanhao Li , Mingmin Chi , Kaipeng Zhang

The KV cache in self-attention has emerged as a major bottleneck in long-context and large-batch inference for LLMs. Existing approaches often treat sparsity prediction and compression as separate modules, relying on auxiliary index…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xu Yang , Jiapeng Zhang , Dongyang Zhao , Guo Chen , Zhuo Tang