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Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Reward (RLVR) has significantly advanced the complex reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, it struggles to break through the inherent capability boundaries of the base LLM, due…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Yihong Dong , Xue Jiang , Yongding Tao , Huanyu Liu , Kechi Zhang , Lili Mou , Rongyu Cao , Yingwei Ma , Jue Chen , Binhua Li , Zhi Jin , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li , Ge Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) show great promise in complex reasoning, with Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) being a key enhancement strategy. However, a prevalent issue is ``superficial self-reflection'', where models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Xiaoyuan Liu , Tian Liang , Zhiwei He , Jiahao Xu , Wenxuan Wang , Pinjia He , Zhaopeng Tu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

Directly training Large Language Models (LLMs) for Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) remains challenging due to intricate reward modeling, dynamic agent interactions, and demanding generalization requirements. This paper explores whether…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Yufa Zhou , Shaobo Wang , Xingyu Dong , Xiangqi Jin , Yifang Chen , Yue Min , Kexin Yang , Xingzhang Ren , Dayiheng Liu , Linfeng Zhang

In this paper, we propose active recap learning (ARL), a framework for enhancing large language model (LLM) in understanding long contexts. ARL enables models to revisit and summarize earlier content through targeted sequence construction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Chenyu Hui

Recent advancements in Large Language Models(LLMs) have demonstrated their capabilities not only in reasoning but also in invoking external tools, particularly search engines. However, teaching models to discern when to invoke search and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Zeyang Sha , Shiwen Cui , Weiqiang Wang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has become an effective post-training method for improving the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing methods mainly apply uniform optimization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Jiakang Wang , Runze Liu , Fuzheng Zhang , Xiu Li , Guorui Zhou , Ling Pan

Reinforcement fine-tuning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for equipping large vision-language models (LVLMs) with agentic capabilities such as tool use and multi-step reasoning. Despite striking empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Carter Adams , Rafael Oliveira , Gabriel Almeida , Sofia Torres

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in complex reasoning tasks through both post-training and test-time scaling laws. While prevalent test-time scaling approaches are often realized by using external reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fuxiang Zhang , Jiacheng Xu , Chaojie Wang , Ce Cui , Yang Liu , Bo An

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) is a promising approach for enhancing agentic deep search. However, its application is often hindered by low \textbf{Reward Density} in deep search scenarios, where agents expend…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Kun Luo , Hongjin Qian , Zheng Liu , Ziyi Xia , Shitao Xiao , Siqi Bao , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown exciting performance in listwise passage ranking. Due to the limited input length, existing methods often adopt the sliding window strategy. Such a strategy, though effective, is inefficient as it…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Wenhan Liu , Xinyu Ma , Yutao Zhu , Ziliang Zhao , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Zhicheng Dou

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has significantly improved large language model (LLM) reasoning in formal domains such as mathematics and code. Despite these advancements, LLMs still struggle with general reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Ashima Suvarna , Kendrick Phan , Mehrab Beikzadeh , Hritik Bansal , Saadia Gabriel

In the era of Large Language Models (LLMs), alignment has emerged as a fundamental yet challenging problem in the pursuit of more reliable, controllable, and capable machine intelligence. The recent success of reasoning models and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Hao Sun , Mihaela van der Schaar

Large language models (LLMs) trained via pretraining and supervised fine-tuning (SFT) can still produce harmful and misaligned outputs, or struggle in domains like math and coding. Reinforcement learning (RL)-based post-training methods,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhichao Wang , Kiran Ramnath , Bin Bi , Shiva Kumar Pentyala , Sougata Chaudhuri , Shubham Mehrotra , Zixu , Zhu , Xiang-Bo Mao , Sitaram Asur , Na , Cheng

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards ( RLVR ) has emerged as a transformative paradigm for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models ( LLMs), yet its potential in 3D scene understanding remains under-explored.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Xiongkun Linghu , Jiangyong Huang , Baoxiong Jia , Siyuan Huang

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has substantially improved the reasoning capabilities of large language models. While existing analyses identify that RLVR-induced changes are sparse, they primarily focus on the…

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a crucial paradigm for incentivizing reasoning capabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs). Due to vast state-action spaces and reward sparsity in reasoning tasks,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Zican Hu , Shilin Zhang , Yafu Li , Jianhao Yan , Xuyang Hu , Leyang Cui , Xiaoye Qu , Chunlin Chen , Yu Cheng , Zhi Wang

The rapid progress of large language models (LLMs) has led to remarkable performance gains across a wide range of tasks. However, when handling long documents that exceed the model's context window limit, the entire context cannot be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Li Wang , Yandong Wang , Xin Yu , Kui Zhang , Tianhao Peng , Wenjun Wu

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for facilitating the self-improvement of large language models (LLMs), particularly in the domain of complex reasoning tasks. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Ziru Liu , Cheng Gong , Xinyu Fu , Yaofang Liu , Ran Chen , Shoubo Hu , Suiyun Zhang , Rui Liu , Qingfu Zhang , Dandan Tu

Recently, reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has been widely used for enhancing the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). A core challenge in RLVR involves managing the exchange between entropy and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Jia Deng , Jie Chen , Zhipeng Chen , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as promising tools for automated reinforcement learning (RL) reward design, owing to their robust capabilities in commonsense reasoning and code generation. By engaging in dialogues with RL agents,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Zen Kit Heng , Zimeng Zhao , Tianhao Wu , Yuanfei Wang , Mingdong Wu , Yangang Wang , Hao Dong