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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities, yet their deployment in high-stakes domains is hindered by inherent limitations in trustworthiness, including hallucinations, instability, and a lack of transparency.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 David Peer , Sebastian Stabinger

As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve from text-completion tools into fully fledged agents operating in dynamic environments, they must address the challenge of continually learning and retaining long-term knowledge. Many biological…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Mathis Pink , Qinyuan Wu , Vy Ai Vo , Javier Turek , Jianing Mu , Alexander Huth , Mariya Toneva

A large body of research in continual learning is devoted to overcoming the catastrophic forgetting of neural networks by designing new algorithms that are robust to the distribution shifts. However, the majority of these works are strictly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Seyed Iman Mirzadeh , Arslan Chaudhry , Dong Yin , Timothy Nguyen , Razvan Pascanu , Dilan Gorur , Mehrdad Farajtabar

Despite rapid progress in large-scale language and vision models, AI agents still suffer from a fundamental limitation: they cannot remember. Without reliable memory, agents catastrophically forget past experiences, struggle with…

The rapid rise of large language models (LLMs) has shifted artificial intelligence (AI) research toward agentic systems, motivating the use of weaker and more flexible notions of agency. However, this shift raises key questions about the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Vince Trencsenyi , Agnieszka Mensfelt , Kostas Stathis

Modern language agents must operate over long-horizon, multi-turn interactions, where they retrieve external information, adapt to observations, and answer interdependent queries. Yet, most LLM systems rely on full-context prompting,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Zijian Zhou , Ao Qu , Zhaoxuan Wu , Sunghwan Kim , Alok Prakash , Daniela Rus , Jinhua Zhao , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low , Paul Pu Liang

The inherent non-deterministic nature of autonomous agents, particularly within low-code/no-code (LCNC) environments, presents significant reliability challenges. Agents can become trapped in unforeseen loops, generate inaccurate outputs,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Jiexi Xu

Agentic AI require persistent memory to store user-specific histories beyond the limited context window of LLMs. Existing memory systems use dense vector databases or knowledge-graph traversal (or hybrid), incurring high retrieval latency…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yi Li , Lianjie Cao , Faraz Ahmed , Puneet Sharma , Bingzhe Li

We envision a continuous collaborative learning system where groups of LLM agents work together to solve reasoning problems, drawing on memory they collectively build to improve performance as they gain experience. This work establishes the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Julie Michelman , Nasrin Baratalipour , Matthew Abueg

Reinforcement learning agents deployed in the real world often have to cope with partially observable environments. Therefore, most agents employ memory mechanisms to approximate the state of the environment. Recently, there have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Fabian Paischer , Thomas Adler , Markus Hofmarcher , Sepp Hochreiter

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly transforming knowledge work by improving the quality and efficiency of tasks such as writing, coding, and data analysis. However, their growing use in education has exposed a learning-performance…

Continual learning is the ability to acquire new knowledge without forgetting the previously learned one, assuming no further access to past training data. Neural network approximators trained with gradient descent are known to fail in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-05 Rodrigue Siry

Large language model (LLM) agents have emerged as powerful tools for complex tasks, yet their ability to adapt to individual users remains fundamentally limited. We argue this limitation stems from a critical architectural conflation:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Deepak Babu Piskala

In this paper, we introduce a novel learning paradigm for Adaptive Large Language Model (LLM) agents that eliminates the need for fine-tuning the underlying LLMs. Existing approaches are often either rigid, relying on static, handcrafted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Huichi Zhou , Yihang Chen , Siyuan Guo , Xue Yan , Kin Hei Lee , Zihan Wang , Ka Yiu Lee , Guchun Zhang , Kun Shao , Linyi Yang , Jun Wang

We investigate how agents built on pretrained large language models (LLMs) can learn target classification functions from labeled examples without parameter updates. While conventional approaches like fine-tuning are often costly,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Jackson Hassell , Dan Zhang , Hannah Kim , Tom Mitchell , Estevam Hruschka

Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced artificial intelligence by enabling human-like text generation and natural language understanding. However, their reliance on static training data limits their ability to respond to dynamic,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Aditi Singh , Abul Ehtesham , Saket Kumar , Tala Talaei Khoei , Athanasios V. Vasilakos

Continual learning is considered a promising step towards next-generation Artificial Intelligence (AI), where deep neural networks (DNNs) make decisions by continuously learning a sequence of different tasks akin to human learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-06 Yuyang Gao , Giorgio A. Ascoli , Liang Zhao

In the era of data-driven intelligence, the paradox of data abundance and annotation scarcity has emerged as a critical bottleneck in the advancement of machine learning. This paper gives a detailed overview of Active Learning (AL), which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Chiung-Yi Tseng , Junhao Song , Ziqian Bi , Tianyang Wang , Chia Xin Liang , Xinyuan Song , Ming Liu

Continual learning strives to ensure stability in solving previously seen tasks while demonstrating plasticity in a novel domain. Recent advances in continual learning are mostly confined to a supervised learning setting, especially in NLP…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Stella Ho , Ming Liu , Shang Gao , Longxiang Gao

Learning from demonstrations has made great progress over the past few years. However, it is generally data hungry and task specific. In other words, it requires a large amount of data to train a decent model on a particular task, and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-29 Pin Wang , Hanhan Li , Ching-Yao Chan