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There is growing interest in the study of causal methods in the Earth sciences. However, most applications have focused on causal discovery, i.e. inferring the causal relationships and causal structure from data. This paper instead examines…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2021-05-04 Adam Massmann , Pierre Gentine , Jakob Runge

Causality plays an important role in understanding intelligent behavior, and there is a wealth of literature on mathematical models for causality, most of which is focused on causal graphs. Causal graphs are a powerful tool for a wide range…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Scott Garrabrant , Matthias Georg Mayer , Magdalena Wache , Leon Lang , Sam Eisenstat , Holger Dell

Causal structure learning with data from multiple contexts carries both opportunities and challenges. Opportunities arise from considering shared and context-specific causal graphs enabling to generalize and transfer causal knowledge across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Martin Rabel , Wiebke Günther , Jakob Runge , Andreas Gerhardus

Visualization design influences how people perceive data patterns, yet most research focuses on low-level analytic tasks, such as finding correlations. The extent to which these perceptual affordances translate to high-level decision-making…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Yixuan Li , Emery D. Berger , Minsuk Kahng , Cindy Xiong Bearfield

Causal inference is often portrayed as fundamentally distinct from predictive modeling, with its own terminology, goals, and intellectual challenges. But at its core, causal inference is simply a structured instance of prediction under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Carlos Fernández-Loría

In the era of information overload, recommender systems (RSs) have become an indispensable part of online service platforms. Traditional RSs estimate user interests and predict their future behaviors by utilizing correlations in the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Yaochen Zhu , Jing Ma , Jundong Li

Visually-aware recommendation on E-commerce platforms aims to leverage visual information of items to predict a user's preference. It is commonly observed that user's attention to visual features does not always reflect the real preference.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Ruihong Qiu , Sen Wang , Zhi Chen , Hongzhi Yin , Zi Huang

We show that it is possible to understand and identify a decision maker's subjective causal judgements by observing her preferences over interventions. Following Pearl [2000], we represent causality using causal models (also called…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2024-01-23 Joseph Y. Halpern , Evan Piermont

Understanding what leads to effective conversations can aid the design of better computer-mediated communication platforms. In particular, prior observational work has sought to identify behaviors of individuals that correlate to their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Justine Zhang , Sendhil Mullainathan , Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil

Over the past two decades, considerable strides have been made in advancing neuroscientific techniques, yet challenges remain in attributing causality to observed associations. This review addresses a fundamental issue in observational…

Other Quantitative Biology · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-04 Eric W. Bridgeford , Brian S. Caffo , Maya B. Mathur , Russell A. Poldrack

Understanding causal explanations - reasons given for happenings in one's life - has been found to be an important psychological factor linked to physical and mental health. Causal explanations are often studied through manual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-19 Youngseo Son , Nipun Bayas , H. Andrew Schwartz

Causality knowledge is vital to building robust AI systems. Deep learning models often perform poorly on tasks that require causal reasoning, which is often derived using some form of commonsense knowledge not immediately available in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Aman Chadha , Vinija Jain

Causal discovery is at the core of human cognition. It enables us to reason about the environment and make counterfactual predictions about unseen scenarios that can vastly differ from our previous experiences. We consider the task of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Yunzhu Li , Antonio Torralba , Animashree Anandkumar , Dieter Fox , Animesh Garg

Temporal data, representing chronological observations of complex systems, has always been a typical data structure that can be widely generated by many domains, such as industry, medicine and finance. Analyzing this type of data is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Chang Gong , Di Yao , Chuzhe Zhang , Wenbin Li , Jingping Bi

Research in Cognitive Science suggests that humans understand and represent knowledge of the world through causal relationships. In addition to observations, they can rely on experimenting and counterfactual reasoning -- i.e. referring to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Kanvaly Fadiga , Etienne Houzé , Ada Diaconescu , Jean-Louis Dessalles

Current work on using visual analytics to determine causal relations among variables has mostly been based on the concept of counterfactuals. As such the derived static causal networks do not take into account the effect of time as an…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Jun Wang , Klaus Mueller

Perception occurs when individuals interpret the same information differently. It is a known cognitive phenomenon with implications for bias in human decision-making. Perception, however, remains understudied in machine learning (ML). This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jose M. Alvarez , Salvatore Ruggieri

Causal discovery problems use a set of observations to deduce causality between variables in the real world, typically to answer questions about biological or physical systems. These observations are often recorded at regular time…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-24 Kurt Butler , Damian Machlanski , Panagiotis Dimitrakopoulos , Sotirios A. Tsaftaris

True intelligence hinges on the ability to uncover and leverage hidden causal relations. Despite significant progress in AI and computer vision (CV), there remains a lack of benchmarks for assessing models' abilities to infer latent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Disheng Liu , Yiran Qiao , Wuche Liu , Yiren Lu , Yunlai Zhou , Tuo Liang , Yu Yin , Jing Ma

Predictions about people, such as their expected educational achievement or their credit risk, can be performative and shape the outcome that they aim to predict. Understanding the causal effect of these predictions on the eventual outcomes…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-19 Celestine Mendler-Dünner , Frances Ding , Yixin Wang