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Causal inference is a science with multi-disciplinary evolution and applications. On the one hand, it measures effects of treatments in observational data based on experimental designs and rigorous statistical inference to draw causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-05 Jingying Zeng , Run Wang

Deep learning has revolutionized the field of artificial intelligence. Based on the statistical correlations uncovered by deep learning-based methods, computer vision has contributed to tremendous growth in areas like autonomous driving and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Kexuan Zhang , Qiyu Sun , Chaoqiang Zhao , Yang Tang

Discovering causal relationships from observational data is a challenging task that relies on assumptions connecting statistical quantities to graphical or algebraic causal models. In this work, we focus on widely employed assumptions for…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-20 Jonas Wahl , Urmi Ninad , Jakob Runge

Exploiting relationships among objects has achieved remarkable progress in interpreting images or videos by natural language. Most existing methods resort to first detecting objects and their relationships, and then generating textual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Jingyi Hou , Xinxiao Wu , Yayun Qi , Wentian Zhao , Jiebo Luo , Yunde Jia

Causal approaches to post-hoc explainability for black-box prediction models (e.g., deep neural networks trained on image pixel data) have become increasingly popular. However, existing approaches have two important shortcomings: (i) the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Numair Sani , Daniel Malinsky , Ilya Shpitser

In social sciences and economics, causal inference traditionally focuses on assessing the impact of predefined treatments (or interventions) on predefined outcomes, such as the effect of education programs on earnings. Causal discovery, in…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-07-12 Martin Huber

Explaining artificial intelligence or machine learning models is increasingly important. To use such data-driven systems wisely we must understand how they interact with the world, including how they depend causally on data inputs. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Joshua R. Loftus , Lucius E. J. Bynum , Sakina Hansen

Causal reasoning is a cornerstone of how humans interpret the world. To model and reason about causality, causal graphs offer a concise yet effective solution. Given the impressive advancements in language models, a crucial question arises:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Sirui Chen , Mengying Xu , Kun Wang , Xingyu Zeng , Rui Zhao , Shengjie Zhao , Chaochao Lu

Causality knowledge is crucial for many artificial intelligence systems. Conventional textual-based causality knowledge acquisition methods typically require laborious and expensive human annotations. As a result, their scale is often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Hongming Zhang , Yintong Huo , Xinran Zhao , Yangqiu Song , Dan Roth

The increasing capture and analysis of large-scale longitudinal health data offer opportunities to improve healthcare and advance medical understanding. However, a critical gap exists between (a) -- the observation of patterns and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Arran Zeyu Wang , David Borland , David Gotz

Natural language and visualization are being increasingly deployed together for supporting data analysis in different ways, from multimodal interaction to enriched data summaries and insights. Yet, researchers still lack systematic…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Rafael Henkin , Cagatay Turkay

To make effective decisions, it is important to have a thorough understanding of the causal relationships among actions, environments, and outcomes. This review aims to surface three crucial aspects of decision-making through a causal lens:…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-22 Lin Ge , Hengrui Cai , Runzhe Wan , Yang Xu , Rui Song

How do we learn from biased data? Historical datasets often reflect historical prejudices; sensitive or protected attributes may affect the observed treatments and outcomes. Classification algorithms tasked with predicting outcomes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-04 David Madras , Elliot Creager , Toniann Pitassi , Richard Zemel

We present a definition of cause and effect in terms of decision-theoretic primitives and thereby provide a principled foundation for causal reasoning. Our definition departs from the traditional view of causation in that causal assertions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-11-17 D. Heckerman , R. Shachter

The study of causal relationships between emotions and causes in texts has recently received much attention. Most works focus on extracting causally related clauses from documents. However, none of these works has considered that the causal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Xinhong Chen , Zongxi Li , Yaowei Wang , Haoran Xie , Jianping Wang , Qing Li

Making sense of a visualization requires the reader to consider both the visualization design and the underlying data values. Existing work in the visualization community has largely considered affordances driven by visualization design…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Yilan Jiang , Cindy Xiong Bearfield , Steven Franconeri , Eugene Wu

Visualization research often focuses on perceptual accuracy or helping readers interpret key messages. However, we know very little about how chart designs might influence readers' perceptions of the people behind the data. Specifically,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Eli Holder , Cindy Xiong

A fundamental goal of scientific research is to learn about causal relationships. However, despite its critical role in the life and social sciences, causality has not had the same importance in Natural Language Processing (NLP), which has…

In recent years, considerable work has been devoted to explaining predictive, deep learning-based models, and in turn how to evaluate explanations. An important class of evaluation methods are ones that are human-centered, which typically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Yayan Zhao , Mingwei Li , Matthew Berger

Statistical science (as opposed to mathematical statistics) involves far more than probability theory, for it requires realistic causal models of data generators - even for purely descriptive goals. Statistical decision theory requires more…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2022-06-02 Sander Greenland