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Several recently introduced deep learning optimizers utilizing matrix-level preconditioning have shown promising speedups relative to the current dominant optimizer AdamW, particularly in relatively small-scale experiments. However, efforts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shikai Qiu , Zixi Chen , Hoang Phan , Qi Lei , Andrew Gordon Wilson

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities across diverse natural language processing benchmarks. However, the escalating scale of model parameters imposes prohibitive memory overheads during training,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ziqing Wen , Ping Luo , Jiahuan Wang , Kun Yuan , Dongsheng Li , Tao Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced rapidly but face significant memory demands. While quantization has shown promise for LLMs, current methods typically require lengthy training to alleviate the performance degradation from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Ke Yi , Yuhui Xu , Heng Chang , Chen Tang , Yuan Meng , Tong Zhang , Jia Li

Modern language-model training is increasingly exposed to instability, degraded runs, and wasted compute, especially under aggressive learning-rate, scale, and runtime-stress conditions. This paper introduces Learn-by-Wire Guard…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Anis Radianis

Time series modeling holds significant importance in many real-world applications and has been extensively studied. While pre-trained foundation models have made impressive strides in the fields of natural language processing (NLP) and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Juyuan Zhang , Wei Zhu , Jiechao Gao

Adam has been widely adopted for training deep neural networks due to less hyperparameter tuning and remarkable performance. To improve generalization, Adam is typically used in tandem with a squared $\ell_2$ regularizer (referred to as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Zhenxun Zhuang , Mingrui Liu , Ashok Cutkosky , Francesco Orabona

Scaling laws have made language-model performance predictable from model size, data, and compute, but they typically treat the optimizer as a fixed training detail. We show that this assumption misses a fundamental axis of representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Nandan Kumar Jha , Brandon Reagen

Large language models are increasingly trained in continual or open-ended settings, where the total training horizon is not known in advance. Despite this, most existing pretraining recipes are not anytime: they rely on horizon-dependent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Alexandru Meterez , Pranav Ajit Nair , Depen Morwani , Cengiz Pehlevan , Sham Kakade

Research in machine learning has questioned whether increases in training token counts reliably produce proportional performance gains in large language models. Building on prior work introducing an energy-aware parameter efficiency metric,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Joe Dwyer

Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated the potential in acting as autonomous agents for sequential decision-making tasks. However, most existing methods either take actions greedily without planning or rely on static plans…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Haotian Sun , Yuchen Zhuang , Lingkai Kong , Bo Dai , Chao Zhang

Training language models becomes increasingly expensive with scale, prompting numerous attempts to improve optimization efficiency. Despite these efforts, the Adam optimizer remains the most widely used, due to a prevailing view that it is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Rosie Zhao , Depen Morwani , David Brandfonbrener , Nikhil Vyas , Sham Kakade

Scaling laws for large language models (LLMs) have provided useful guidance in training ever larger models for predictable performance gains. Time series forecasting shares a similar sequential structure to language, and is amenable to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Thomas D. P. Edwards , James Alvey , Justin Alsing , Nam H. Nguyen , Benjamin D. Wandelt

Modern optimizers such as AdamW, equipped with momentum and adaptive learning rate, are designed to escape local minima and explore the vast parameter space. This exploration is beneficial for finding good loss basins when training from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Junjiao Tian , Chengyue Huang , Zsolt Kira

In the decentralized distributed learning, achieving fast convergence and low communication cost is essential for scalability and high efficiency. Adaptive gradient methods, such as Adam, have demonstrated strong practical performance in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Wei Liu , Anweshit Panda , Ujwal Pandey , Haven Cook , George M. Slota , Naigang Wang , Jie Chen , Yangyang Xu

We propose Adam-mini, an optimizer that achieves on par or better performance than AdamW with 50% less memory footprint. Adam-mini reduces memory by cutting down the learning rate resources in Adam (i.e., $1/\sqrt{v}$). By investigating the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yushun Zhang , Congliang Chen , Ziniu Li , Tian Ding , Chenwei Wu , Diederik P. Kingma , Yinyu Ye , Zhi-Quan Luo , Ruoyu Sun

Optimizers like Adam and AdaGrad have been very successful in training large-scale neural networks. Yet, the performance of these methods is heavily dependent on a carefully tuned learning rate schedule. We show that in many large-scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Ehsan Amid , Rohan Anil , Christopher Fifty , Manfred K. Warmuth

AdamW has long been the dominant optimizer in language model pretraining, despite numerous claims that alternative optimizers offer 1.4 to 2x speedup. We posit that two methodological shortcomings have obscured fair comparisons and hindered…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Kaiyue Wen , David Hall , Tengyu Ma , Percy Liang

Adam has been at the core of large-scale training for almost a decade, yet a simple empirical fact remains unaccounted for: both validation scores and the qualitative behaviour of the training runs improve when the momentum parameters…

Recent work [4] analyses the local convergence of Adam in a neighbourhood of an optimal solution for a twice-differentiable function. It is found that the learning rate has to be sufficiently small to ensure local stability of the optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Guoqiang Zhang , Niwa Kenta , W. Bastiaan Kleijn

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known for their expensive and time-consuming training. Thus, oftentimes, LLMs are fine-tuned to address a specific task, given the pretrained weights of a pre-trained LLM considered a foundation model. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Eshed Gal , Moshe Eliasof , Javier Turek , Uri Ascher , Eran Treister , Eldad Haber