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This work proposes a structural approach to concept drift detection in malware classification using decision tree rulesets. Classifiers are trained across temporal windows on the EMBER2024 dataset, and drift is quantified by comparing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Tomáš Kalný , Martin Jureček , Mark Stamp

In applying deep learning for malware classification, it is crucial to account for the prevalence of malware evolution, which can cause trained classifiers to fail on drifted malware. Existing solutions to address concept drift use active…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Adrian Shuai Li , Arun Iyengar , Ashish Kundu , Elisa Bertino

Machine learning is increasingly vital in cybersecurity, especially in malware detection. However, concept drift, where the characteristics of malware change over time, poses a challenge for maintaining the efficacy of these detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Numan Halit Guldemir , Oluwafemi Olukoya , Jesús Martínez-del-Rincón

Malware classification in dynamic environments presents a significant challenge due to concept drift, where the statistical properties of malware data evolve over time, complicating detection efforts. To address this issue, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Bishwajit Prasad Gond , Durga Prasad Mohapatra

Concept drift refers to gradual or sudden changes in the properties of data that affect the accuracy of machine learning models. In this paper, we address the problem of concept drift detection in the malware domain. Specifically, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Aniket Mishra , Mark Stamp

Malware detection is a critical aspect of information security. One difficulty that arises is that malware often evolves over time. To maintain effective malware detection, it is necessary to determine when malware evolution has occurred so…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-11 Sunhera Paul , Mark Stamp

Machine learning-based Android malware classifiers achieve high accuracy in stationary environments but struggle with concept drift. The rapid evolution of malware, especially with new families, can depress classification accuracy to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Yiling He , Junchi Lei , Zhan Qin , Kui Ren , Chun Chen

Malware is a major threat to computer systems and imposes many challenges to cyber security. Targeted threats, such as ransomware, cause millions of dollars in losses every year. The constant increase of malware infections has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Fabrício Ceschin , Marcus Botacin , Heitor Murilo Gomes , Felipe Pinagé , Luiz S. Oliveira , André Grégio

The presence and persistence of Android malware is an on-going threat that plagues this information era, and machine learning technologies are now extensively used to deploy more effective detectors that can block the majority of these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Daniele Angioni , Luca Demetrio , Maura Pintor , Battista Biggio

Deploying robust machine learning models has to account for concept drifts arising due to the dynamically changing and non-stationary nature of data. Addressing drifts is particularly imperative in the security domain due to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Aditya Kuppa , Nhien-An Le-Khac

Uncertain changes in data streams present challenges for machine learning models to dynamically adapt and uphold performance in real-time. Particularly, classification boundary change, also known as real concept drift, is the major cause of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Feng Gu , Jie Lu , Zhen Fang , Kun Wang , Guangquan Zhang

Machine learning for malware classification shows encouraging results, but real deployments suffer from performance degradation as malware authors adapt their techniques to evade detection. This phenomenon, known as concept drift, occurs as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Federico Barbero , Feargus Pendlebury , Fabio Pierazzi , Lorenzo Cavallaro

Driven by the high profit, Portable Executable (PE) malware has been consistently evolving in terms of both volume and sophistication. PE malware family classification has gained great attention and a large number of approaches have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-01 Yixuan Ma , Shuang Liu , Jiajun Jiang , Guanhong Chen , Keqiu Li

Concept drift is a significant challenge for malware detection, as the performance of trained machine learning models degrades over time, rendering them impractical. While prior research in malware concept drift adaptation has primarily…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Md Tanvirul Alam , Romy Fieblinger , Ashim Mahara , Nidhi Rastogi

Many studies have proposed machine-learning (ML) models for malware detection and classification, reporting an almost-perfect performance. However, they assemble ground-truth in different ways, use diverse static- and dynamic-analysis…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Savino Dambra , Yufei Han , Simone Aonzo , Platon Kotzias , Antonino Vitale , Juan Caballero , Davide Balzarotti , Leyla Bilge

Machine learning models are commonly used for malware classification; however, they suffer from performance degradation over time due to concept drift. Adapting these models to changing data distributions requires frequent updates, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Md Tanvirul Alam , Aritran Piplai , Nidhi Rastogi

Despite outstanding results, machine learning-based Android malware detection models struggle with concept drift, where rapidly evolving malware characteristics degrade model effectiveness. This study examines the impact of concept drift on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Ahmed Sabbah , Radi Jarrar , Samer Zein , David Mohaisen

Data in the real world often has an evolving distribution. Thus, machine learning models trained on such data get outdated over time. This phenomenon is called model drift. Knowledge of this drift serves two purposes: (i) Retain an accurate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Pranoy Panda , Kancheti Sai Srinivas , Vineeth N Balasubramanian , Gaurav Sinha

Deep learning has emerged as a powerful approach for malware detection, demonstrating impressive accuracy across various data representations. However, these models face critical limitations in real-world, non-stationary environments where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Pawan Acharya , Lan Zhang

This article studies how to detect and explain concept drift. Human activity recognition is used as a case study together with a online batch learning situation where the quality of the labels used in the model updating process starts to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-23 Pekka Siirtola , Juha Röning
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