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The software industry is experiencing a surge in the adoption of Continuous Integration (CI) practices, both in commercial and open-source environments. CI practices facilitate the seamless integration of code changes by employing automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Hajer Mhalla , Mohamed Aymen Saied

Due to hardware-software co-development in embedded systems, continuous integration (CI) builds frequently fail because of complex cross-compilation, board configurations, and toolchain constraints. Although CI build logs contain valuable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Han Fu , Andreas Ermedahl , Sigrid Eldh , Kristian Wiklund , Philipp Haller , Cyrille Artho

We report our experience of using failure symptoms, such as error messages or stack traces, to identify flaky test failures in a Continuous Integration (CI) pipeline for a large industrial software system, SAP HANA. Although failure…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Gabin An , Juyeon Yoon , Thomas Bach , Jingun Hong , Shin Yoo

Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) caching is widely used to reduce repeated computation and improve CI/CD efficiency, yet maintaining effective caching requires ongoing maintenance effort. In this paper, we present the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Kazi Amit Hasan , Yuan Tian , Safwat Hassan , Steven H. H. Ding

Continuous Integration (CI) has evolved from a tooling strategy to a fundamental mindset in modern CI engineering. It enables teams to develop, test, and deliver software rapidly and collaboratively. Among CI services, GitHub Actions (GHA)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Edward Abrokwah , Taher A. Ghaleb

In principle, Continuous Integration (CI) pipeline failures provide valuable feedback to developers on code-related errors. In practice, however, pipeline jobs often fail intermittently due to non-deterministic tests, network outages,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Henri Aïdasso , Francis Bordeleau , Ali Tizghadam

In recent years, software engineers have explored ways to assist quantum software programmers. Our goal in this paper is to continue this exploration and see if quantum software programmers deal with some problems plaguing classical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Lei Zhang , Mahsa Radnejad , Andriy Miranskyy

Flaky tests are software tests that exhibit a seemingly random outcome (pass or fail) when run against the same, identical code. Previous work has examined fixes to flaky tests and has proposed automated solutions to locate as well as fix…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Moritz Eck , Fabio Palomba , Marco Castelluccio , Alberto Bacchelli

Flaky tests (tests with non-deterministic outcomes) can be problematic for testing efficiency and software reliability. Flaky tests in test suites can also significantly delay software releases. There have been several studies that attempt…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Negar Hashemi , Amjed Tahir , Shawn Rasheed

Background: Open source software has an increasing importance in modern software development. However, there is also a growing concern on the sustainability of such projects, which are usually managed by a small number of developers,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-01-31 Jailton Coelho , Marco Tulio Valente , Luciana L. Silva , Emad Shihab

Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) have become fundamental to modern software development, with GitHub Actions (GHA) emerging as a dominant automation platform. In this study, we analyze real-world execution records of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ali Khatami , Carolin Brandt , Andy Zaidman

Fault-detection, localization, and repair methods are vital to software quality; but it is difficult to evaluate their generality, applicability, and current effectiveness. Large, diverse, realistic datasets of durably-reproducible faults…

Flaky tests pass and fail non-deterministically when run on the same version of code. Although many techniques have been proposed to detect, debug, and repair flaky tests, reproducing their failures remains a major challenge due to their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Suzzana Rafi , Mahbub-Ul-Hoque Sumon , Md Erfan , Maruf Morshed Khan , August Shi , Wing Lam

Flakiness is a major concern in Software testing. Flaky tests pass and fail for the same version of a program and mislead developers who spend time and resources investigating test failures only to discover that they are false alerts. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-08 Guillaume Haben , Sarra Habchi , Mike Papadakis , Maxime Cordy , Yves Le Traon

Background. Automated test execution is an important activity to gather information about the quality of a software project. So-called flaky tests, however, negatively affect this process. Such tests fail seemingly at random without changes…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Alexander Berndt , Zoltán Nochta , Thomas Bach

CI/CD practices play a significant role during collaborative software development by automating time-consuming and repetitive tasks such as testing, building, quality checking, dependency and security management. GitHub Actions, the CI/CD…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Pooya Rostami Mazrae , Alexandre Decan , Tom Mens , Mairieli Wessel

Incremental and parallel builds are crucial features of modern build systems. Parallelism enables fast builds by running independent tasks simultaneously, while incrementality saves time and computing resources by processing the build…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Thodoris Sotiropoulos , Stefanos Chaliasos , Dimitris Mitropoulos , Diomidis Spinellis

Tests that cause spurious failures without any code changes, i.e., flaky tests, hamper regression testing, increase maintenance costs, may shadow real bugs, and decrease trust in tests. While the prevalence and importance of flakiness is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Martin Gruber , Stephan Lukasczyk , Florian Kroiß , Gordon Fraser

Continuous Integration (CI) services, such as GitHub Actions and Travis CI, are widely adopted in open-source development to automate testing and deployment. Though existing research often examines individual services in isolation, it…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Nitika Chopra , Taher A. Ghaleb

In open-source projects, anyone can contribute, so it is important to have an active continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipeline in addition to a protocol for reporting security concerns, especially in projects that are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Jessy Ayala , Joshua Garcia