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Goal-oriented de novo molecule design, namely generating molecules with specific property or substructure constraints, is a crucial yet challenging task in drug discovery. Existing methods, such as Bayesian optimization and reinforcement…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Chuanliu Fan , Ziqiang Cao , Zicheng Ma , Nan Yu , Yimin Peng , Jun Zhang , Yiqin Gao , Guohong Fu

In this paper, we evaluate the capability of transformer-based language models in making inferences over uncertain text that includes uncertain rules of reasoning. We cover both Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) and generative Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Aliakbar Nafar , Kristen Brent Venable , Parisa Kordjamshidi

Autonomous agents driven by Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized reasoning and problem-solving but remain static after training, unable to grow with experience as intelligent beings do during deployment. We introduce Forward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Zhicheng Cai , Xinyuan Guo , Yu Pei , Jiangtao Feng , Jinsong Su , Jiangjie Chen , Ya-Qin Zhang , Wei-Ying Ma , Mingxuan Wang , Hao Zhou

Large Language Model (LLM) inference uses an autoregressive manner to generate one token at a time, which exhibits notably lower operational intensity compared to earlier Machine Learning (ML) models such as encoder-only transformers and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Yufeng Gu , Alireza Khadem , Sumanth Umesh , Ning Liang , Xavier Servot , Onur Mutlu , Ravi Iyer , Reetuparna Das

While large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and PaLM have demonstrated remarkable performance in various language understanding and generation tasks, their capabilities in complex reasoning and intricate knowledge utilization still…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Haodi Zhang , Min Cai , Xinhe Zhang , Chen Jason Zhang , Rui Mao , Kaishun Wu

The prediction of intrinsic disorder regions has significant implications for understanding protein functions and dynamics. It can help to discover novel protein-protein interactions essential for designing new drugs and enzymes. Recently,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Krzysztof Kotowski , Irena Roterman , Katarzyna Stapor

Pre-trained language models (PLM) have marked a huge leap in neural dialogue modeling. While PLMs are pre-trained on large-scale text corpora, they are usually fine-tuned on scarce dialogue data with specific domain knowledge and dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Xiaodong Gu , Kang Min Yoo , Sang-Woo Lee

Large language models (LLMs) achieve impressive results over various tasks, and ever-expanding public repositories contain an abundance of pre-trained models. Therefore, identifying the best-performing LLM for a given task is a significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Idan Kashani , Avi Mendelson , Yaniv Nemcovsky

Speech representations learned from Self-supervised learning (SSL) models can benefit various speech processing tasks. However, utilizing SSL representations usually requires fine-tuning the pre-trained models or designing task-specific…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-12 Kai-Wei Chang , Wei-Cheng Tseng , Shang-Wen Li , Hung-yi Lee

Large Language Models (LLMs) employ three popular training approaches: Masked Language Models (MLM), Causal Language Models (CLM), and Sequence-to-Sequence Models (seq2seq). However, each approach has its strengths and limitations, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Xuefeng Liu , Songhao Jiang , Bo Li , Rick Stevens

Neural models that do not rely on pre-training have excelled in the keyphrase generation task with large annotated datasets. Meanwhile, new approaches have incorporated pre-trained language models (PLMs) for their data efficiency. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Di Wu , Wasi Uddin Ahmad , Kai-Wei Chang

Accurate molecular property prediction is a critical challenge with wide-ranging applications in chemistry, materials science, and drug discovery. Molecular representation methods, including fingerprints and graph neural networks (GNNs),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Jiaxin Ju , Yizhen Zheng , Huan Yee Koh , Can Wang , Shirui Pan

Pre-trained vision-language models are able to interpret visual concepts and language semantics. Prompt learning, a method of constructing prompts for text encoders or image encoders, elicits the potentials of pre-trained models and readily…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Zhenhan Huang , Tejaswini Pedapati , Pin-Yu Chen , Jianxi Gao

Designing de-novo molecules with desired property profiles requires efficient exploration of the vast chemical space ranging from $10^{23}$ to $10^{60}$ possible synthesizable candidates. While various deep generative models have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Kamran Chitsaz , Roshan Balaji , Quentin Fournier , Nirav Pravinbhai Bhatt , Sarath Chandar

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in language understanding and generation. However, such impressive capability typically comes with a substantial model size, which presents significant challenges in both the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Xinyin Ma , Gongfan Fang , Xinchao Wang

Existing Protein Language Models (PLMs) often suffer from limited adaptability to multiple tasks and exhibit poor generalization across diverse biological contexts. In contrast, general-purpose Large Language Models (LLMs) lack the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Yujia Wang , Jihong Guan , Wengen Li , Shuigeng Zhou , Xuhong Wang

Product key memory (PKM) proposed by Lample et al. (2019) enables to improve prediction accuracy by increasing model capacity efficiently with insignificant computational overhead. However, their empirical application is only limited to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-09 Gyuwan Kim , Tae-Hwan Jung

We introduce Prompt Curriculum Learning (PCL), a lightweight reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm that selects intermediate-difficulty prompts using a learned value model to post-train language models. Since post-training LLMs via RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Zhaolin Gao , Joongwon Kim , Wen Sun , Thorsten Joachims , Sid Wang , Richard Yuanzhe Pang , Liang Tan

Protein language models (PLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in learning relationships between protein sequences and functions. However, finetuning these large models requires substantial computational resources, often with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Shuo Zhang , Jian K. Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have shown the ability to produce fluent and cogent content, presenting both productivity opportunities and societal risks. To build trustworthy AI systems, it is imperative to distinguish between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Guangsheng Bao , Yanbin Zhao , Zhiyang Teng , Linyi Yang , Yue Zhang