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Detecting LLM-generated text in specialized and high-stakes domains like medicine and law is crucial for combating misinformation and ensuring authenticity. However, current zero-shot detectors, while effective on general text, often fail…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Zhihui Chen , Kai He , Yucheng Huang , Yunxiao Zhu , Mengling Feng

This paper proposes a technique for training a neural network by minimizing a surrogate loss that approximates the target evaluation metric, which may be non-differentiable. The surrogate is learned via a deep embedding where the Euclidean…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Yash Patel , Tomas Hodan , Jiri Matas

Model routing determines whether to use an accurate black-box model or a simpler surrogate that approximates it at lower cost or greater interpretability. In deployment settings, practitioners often wish to restrict surrogate use to inputs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Iqtedar Uddin , Mazin Khider , André Bauer

The rapid proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to a fragmented and inefficient ecosystem, a state of ``model lock-in'' where seamlessly integrating novel models remains a significant bottleneck. Current routing frameworks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Cheng Yan , Wuyang Zhang , Zhiyuan Ning , Fan Xu , Ziyang Tao , Lu Zhang , Bing Yin , Yanyong Zhang

Detecting content generated by large language models (LLMs) is crucial for preventing misuse and building trustworthy AI systems. Although existing detection methods perform well, their robustness in out-of-distribution (OOD) scenarios is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Xin Chen , Junchao Wu , Shu Yang , Runzhe Zhan , Zeyu Wu , Ziyang Luo , Di Wang , Min Yang , Lidia S. Chao , Derek F. Wong

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has made machine-generated text increasingly difficult to distinguish from human-written text. While recent studies explore leveraging internal representations of language models to…

Applications · Statistics 2026-05-14 Luxu Liang , Xiang Li

The increasing capability of large language models (LLMs) to generate fluent long-form texts is presenting new challenges in distinguishing machine-generated outputs from human-written ones, which is crucial for ensuring authenticity and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yufei Tian , Zeyu Pan , Nanyun Peng

Large language models (LLMs) and high-capacity encoders have advanced zero and few-shot classification, but their inference cost and latency limit practical deployment. We propose training lightweight text classifiers using dynamically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Gaurav Maheshwari , Kevin El Haddad

Text detection is frequently used in vision-based mobile robots when they need to interpret texts in their surroundings to perform a given task. For instance, delivery robots in multilingual cities need to be capable of doing multilingual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Hsin-Ju Lin , Tsu-Chun Chung , Ching-Chun Hsiao , Pin-Yu Chen , Wei-Chen Chiu , Ching-Chun Huang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in generating high-quality texts across diverse domains. However, the potential misuse of LLMs has raised significant concerns, underscoring the urgent need for reliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Yihuai Xu , Yongwei Wang , Yifei Bi , Huangsen Cao , Zhouhan Lin , Yu Zhao , Fei Wu

Detecting machine-generated text (MGT) from contemporary Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly crucial amid risks like disinformation and threats to academic integrity. Existing zero-shot detection paradigms, despite their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Yue Wang , Liesheng Wei , Yuxiang Wang

Gradient-based optimization is now ubiquitous across graphics, but unfortunately can not be applied to problems with undefined or zero gradients. To circumvent this issue, the loss function can be manually replaced by a ``surrogate'' that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Michael Fischer , Tobias Ritschel

The rapid advancement of large language models has unlocked remarkable capabilities across a diverse array of natural language processing tasks. However, the considerable differences among available LLMs-in terms of cost, performance, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Yifan Zhang , Xinkui Zhao , Zuxin Wang , Guanjie Cheng , Yueshen Xu , Shuiguang Deng , Jianwei Yin

High-fidelity numerical simulation of subsurface flow is computationally intensive, especially for many-query tasks such as uncertainty quantification and data assimilation. Deep learning (DL) surrogates can significantly accelerate forward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jiale Liu , Nanzhe Wang

Advanced large language models (LLMs) can generate text almost indistinguishable from human-written text, highlighting the importance of LLM-generated text detection. However, current zero-shot techniques face challenges as white-box…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Guangsheng Bao , Yanbin Zhao , Juncai He , Yue Zhang

While machine-generated texts (MGTs) offer great convenience, they also pose risks such as disinformation and phishing, highlighting the need for reliable detection. Metric-based methods, which extract statistically distinguishable features…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Chenwang Wu , Yiu-ming Cheung , Shuhai Zhang , Bo Han , Defu Lian

Machine-generated text (MGT) detection requires identifying structurally invariant signals across generation models, rather than relying on model-specific fingerprints. In this respect, we hypothesize that while large language models excel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Lucio La Cava , Andrea Tagarelli

Document-level Relation Triplet Extraction (DocRTE) is a fundamental task in information systems that aims to simultaneously extract entities with semantic relations from a document. Existing methods heavily rely on a substantial amount of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Qi Sun , Kun Huang , Xiaocui Yang , Rong Tong , Kun Zhang , Soujanya Poria

End-to-end text spotting aims to jointly optimize text detection and recognition within a unified framework. Despite significant progress, designing an accurate and efficient end-to-end text spotter for arbitrary-shaped text remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Yuchen Su , Zhineng Chen , Yongkun Du , Zuxuan Wu , Hongtao Xie , Yu-Gang Jiang

Automated road sign recognition is a critical task for intelligent transportation systems, but traditional deep learning methods struggle with the sheer number of sign classes and the impracticality of creating exhaustive labeled datasets.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Minghao Zhu , Zhihao Zhang , Anmol Sidhu , Keith Redmill