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Recent advances in LLM Multi-Agent Systems enable scalable orchestration of sub-agents, each coordinating hundreds or thousands of tools or Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers. However, existing retrieval methods typically match queries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Elias Lumer , Faheem Nizar , Anmol Gulati , Pradeep Honaganahalli Basavaraju , Vamse Kumar Subbiah

Information seeking is a fundamental requirement for humans. However, existing LLM agents rely heavily on open-web search, which exposes two fundamental weaknesses: online content is noisy and unreliable, and many real-world tasks require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yaxin Du , Yuanshuo Zhang , Xiyuan Yang , Yifan Zhou , Cheng Wang , Gongyi Zou , Xianghe Pang , Wenhao Wang , Menglan Chen , Shuo Tang , Zhiyu Li , Feiyu Xiong , Siheng Chen

We present Dynamic ReAct, a novel approach for enabling ReAct agents to efficiently operate with extensive Model Control Protocol (MCP) tool sets that exceed the contextual memory limitations of large language models. Our approach addresses…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Nishant Gaurav , Adit Akarsh , Ankit Ranjan , Manoj Bajaj

The variety of data in data lakes presents significant challenges for data analytics, as data scientists must simultaneously analyze multi-modal data, including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data. While Large Language Models…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Chao Zhang , Shaolei Zhang , Quehuan Liu , Sibei Chen , Tong Li , Ju Fan

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) aims to create a standard for how Large Language Models use tools. However, most current research focuses on selecting tools from an existing pool. A more fundamental, yet largely overlooked, problem is how…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Chaoqian Ouyang , Ling Yue , Shimin Di , Libin Zheng , Linan Yue , Shaowu Pan , Jian Yin , Min-Ling Zhang

LLM agents are beginning to invoke industrial asset-management tools through the Model Context Protocol (MCP), yet whether they can act reliably on this substrate for safety-critical \emph{Prognostics and Health Management (PHM)} is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Tianjun Feng , Yunfeng Chen , Chun-Yi Tsai , Yihan Sun , Ayan Das , Kaoutar El Maghraoui , Shuxin Lin , Dhaval Patel

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) represents a significant advancement in AI-tool integration, enabling seamless communication between AI agents and external services. However, this connectivity introduces novel attack vectors that remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Nicola Croce , Tobin South

Tool-using agents are increasingly expected to operate across realistic professional workflows, where they must interpret multimodal inputs, coordinate external tools, inspect intermediate artifacts, and revise their actions before…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhiqiang Liu , Wenhui Dong , Yilang Tan , Yuwen Qu , Haochen Yin , Chenyang Si

Current AI agents create significant barriers for users by requiring extensive processing to understand web pages, making AI-assisted web interaction slow and expensive. This paper introduces webMCP (Web Machine Context & Procedure), a…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-14 D. Perera

Large Language Model (LLM) agents face security vulnerabilities spanning AI-specific and traditional software domains, yet current research addresses these separately. This study bridges this gap through comparative evaluation of Function…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Tarek Gasmi , Ramzi Guesmi , Ines Belhadj , Jihene Bennaceur

Tool calling allows large language models (LLMs) to interact with external systems like APIs, enabling applications in customer support, data analysis, and dynamic content generation. While recent benchmarks have advanced tool-use research,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Zuoyu Zhang , Yancheng Zhu

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is the standard interface between large language model (LLM) agents and external tools. At organizational scale, however, it exposes two structural problems. First, every API integration is shipped as a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Axel Dunkel

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enhances large language models (LLMs) by integrating external tools, enabling dynamic aggregation of real-time data to improve task execution. However, its non-isolated execution context introduces critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Haoran Shi , Hongwei Yao , Shuo Shao , Shaopeng Jiao , Ziqi Peng , Zhan Qin , Cong Wang

To address the steep learning curve and reliance on complex manual file editing and command-line operations in the traditional workflow of the mainstream open-source seismic wave simulation software SPECFEM, this paper proposes an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Yukun Ren , Siwei Yu , Kai Chen , Jianwei Ma

The emergence of large language model agents capable of invoking external tools has created urgent need for formal verification of agent protocols. Two paradigms dominate this space: Schema-Guided Dialogue (SGD), a research framework for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Andreas Schlapbach

The model context protocol (MCP) standardizes how LLMs connect to external tools and data sources, enabling faster integration but introducing new attack vectors. Despite the growing adoption of MCP, existing MCP security studies classify…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yiheng Huang , Zhijia Zhao , Bihuan Chen , Susheng Wu , Zhuotong Zhou , Yiheng Cao , Xin Hu , Xin Peng

Computational data governance aims to make the enforcement of governance policies and legal obligations more efficient and reliable. Recent advances in natural language processing and agentic AI offer ways to improve how organizations share…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Marco Tonnarelli , Filippo Scaramuzza , Simon Harrer , Linus W. Dietz

We introduce ETOM, a five-level benchmark for evaluating multi-hop, end-to-end tool orchestration by LLM agents within a hierarchical Model-Context Protocol (MCP) ecosystem. Existing benchmarks often assess tools in isolation, overlooking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Jia-Kai Dong , I-Wei Huang , Chun-Tin Wu , Yi-Tien Tsai

Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables agents to interact with external tools, yet empirical research on MCP is hindered by the lack of large-scale, accessible datasets. We present MCPZoo, the largest and most comprehensive dataset of MCP…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Mengying Wu , Pei Chen , Geng Hong , Baichao An , Jinsong Chen , Binwang Wan , Xudong Pan , Jiarun Dai , Min Yang

Agentic AI is transforming security by automating many tasks being performed manually. While initial agentic approaches employed a monolithic architecture, the Model-Context-Protocol has now enabled a remote-procedure call (RPC) paradigm to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zachary Ezetta , Wu-chang Feng
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