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Spoken language models (SLMs) have gained increasing attention with advancements in text-based, decoder-only language models. SLMs process text and speech, enabling simultaneous speech understanding and generation. This paper presents…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-01 Heng-Jui Chang , Hongyu Gong , Changhan Wang , James Glass , Yu-An Chung

Subword tokenization is a commonly used input pre-processing step in most recent NLP models. However, it limits the models' ability to leverage end-to-end task learning. Its frequency-based vocabulary creation compromises tokenization in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Md Mofijul Islam , Gustavo Aguilar , Pragaash Ponnusamy , Clint Solomon Mathialagan , Chengyuan Ma , Chenlei Guo

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is a foundational component of industrial prototyping, where models are defined not by raw coordinates but by construction sequences such as sketches and extrusions. This sequential structure enables both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Ruiyu Wang , Shizhao Sun , Weijian Ma , Jiang Bian

Language models require tokenized inputs. However, tokenization strategies for continuous data like audio and vision are often based on simple heuristics such as fixed sized convolutions or discrete clustering, which do not necessarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Alan Baade , Puyuan Peng , David Harwath

Language Model (LM)-based generative modeling has emerged as a promising direction for TSE, offering potential for improved generalization and high-fidelity speech. We present GenTSE, a two-stage decoder-only generative LM approach for TSE:…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-25 Haoyang Li , Xuyi Zhuang , Azmat Adnan , Ye Ni , Wei Rao , Shreyas Gopal , Eng Siong Chng

This paper proposes a hierarchical, fine-grained and interpretable latent variable model for prosody based on the Tacotron 2 text-to-speech model. It achieves multi-resolution modeling of prosody by conditioning finer level representations…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-11 Guangzhi Sun , Yu Zhang , Ron J. Weiss , Yuan Cao , Heiga Zen , Yonghui Wu

Speech data collected in real-world scenarios often encounters two issues. First, multiple sources may exist simultaneously, and the number of sources may vary with time. Second, the existence of background noise in recording is inevitable.…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-05-21 Yuan-Kuei Wu , Chao-I Tuan , Hung-yi Lee , Yu Tsao

Voice conversion (VC) is a task that transforms the source speaker's timbre, accent, and tones in audio into another one's while preserving the linguistic content. It is still a challenging work, especially in a one-shot setting.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-09 Da-Yi Wu , Yen-Hao Chen , Hung-Yi Lee

In this paper, we propose an effective training strategy to ex-tract robust speaker representations from a speech signal. Oneof the key challenges in speaker recognition tasks is to learnlatent representations or embeddings containing…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-05 Yoohwan Kwon , Soo-Whan Chung , Hong-Goo Kang

This paper proposes an interesting voice and accent joint conversion approach, which can convert an arbitrary source speaker's voice to a target speaker with non-native accent. This problem is challenging as each target speaker only has…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Zhichao Wang , Wenshuo Ge , Xiong Wang , Shan Yang , Wendong Gan , Haitao Chen , Hai Li , Lei Xie , Xiulin Li

Standard discrete diffusion models treat all unobserved states identically by mapping them to an absorbing [MASK] token. This creates an 'information void' where semantic information that could be inferred from unmasked tokens is lost…

Recent years have witnessed a trend that large language model (LLM) based text-to-speech (TTS) emerges into the mainstream due to their high naturalness and zero-shot capacity. In this paradigm, speech signals are discretized into token…

Masked language modeling has become a standard pretraining objective for training encoder-based language models. In this approach, certain tokens in the input are masked, and the model learns to predict them using the surrounding context.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Gokul Srinivasagan , Kai Hartung , Munir Georges

Most current popular subword tokenizers are trained based on word frequency statistics over a corpus, without considering information about co-occurrence or context. Nevertheless, the resulting vocabularies are used in language models'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Shaked Yehezkel , Yuval Pinter

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have been widely applied in speech and music. This tendency has led to a focus on audio tokenization for Large Models (LMs). Unlike semantic-only text tokens, audio tokens must both capture global…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Lu Wang , Hao Chen , Siyu Wu , Zhiyue Wu , Hao Zhou , Chengfeng Zhang , Ting Wang , Haodi Zhang

Current language models rely on static vocabularies determined at pretraining time, which can lead to decreased performance and increased computational cost for domains underrepresented in the original vocabulary. New tokens can be added to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Konstantin Dobler , Desmond Elliott , Gerard de Melo

Although there has been significant advancement in the field of speech-to-speech translation, conventional models still require language-parallel speech data between the source and target languages for training. In this paper, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Seung-Bin Kim , Sang-Hoon Lee , Seong-Whan Lee

Sign language datasets are often not representative in terms of vocabulary, underscoring the need for models that generalize to unseen signs. Vector quantization is a promising approach for learning discrete, token-like representations, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Lee Kezar , Zed Sehyr , Jesse Thomason

Generalization is a main issue for current audio deepfake detectors, which struggle to provide reliable results on out-of-distribution data. Given the speed at which more and more accurate synthesis methods are developed, it is very…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Alessandro Pianese , Davide Cozzolino , Giovanni Poggi , Luisa Verdoliva

Deep learning has revolutionised synthetic speech quality. However, it has thus far delivered little value to the speech science community. The new methods do not meet the controllability demands that practitioners in this area require…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-03 Gustavo Teodoro Döhler Beck , Ulme Wennberg , Zofia Malisz , Gustav Eje Henter
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