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Recent advancements in long-context language models (LCLMs) promise to transform Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) by simplifying pipelines. With their expanded context windows, LCLMs can process entire knowledge bases and perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Yifu Qiu , Varun Embar , Yizhe Zhang , Navdeep Jaitly , Shay B. Cohen , Benjamin Han

The retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) approach is used to reduce the confabulation of large language models (LLMs) for question answering by retrieving and providing additional context coming from external knowledge sources (e.g., by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Alexander Bondarenko , Adrian Viehweger

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently been widely adopted in conversational agents. However, the increasingly long interactions between users and agents accumulate extensive dialogue records, making it difficult for LLMs with limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Derong Xu , Yi Wen , Pengyue Jia , Yingyi Zhang , wenlin zhang , Yichao Wang , Huifeng Guo , Ruiming Tang , Xiangyu Zhao , Enhong Chen , Tong Xu

To improve the reasoning capabilities of large language models, test-time compute is typically scaled by generating intermediate tokens before the final answer. However, this couples reasoning to autoregressive generation and thereby…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Lukas Aichberger , Sepp Hochreiter

Modern approaches to enhancing Large Language Models' factual accuracy and knowledge utilization face a fundamental trade-off: non-parametric retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) provides flexible access to external knowledge but suffers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Rubin Wei , Jiaqi Cao , Jiarui Wang , Jushi Kai , Qipeng Guo , Bowen Zhou , Zhouhan Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong reasoning capabilities across various tasks. However, even minor variations in query phrasing, despite preserving the underlying semantic meaning, can significantly affect their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Yihang Yao , Zhepeng Cen , Miao Li , William Han , Yuyou Zhang , Emerson Liu , Zuxin Liu , Chuang Gan , Ding Zhao

While Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong performance across domains, their long-context capabilities are limited by transient neural activations causing information decay and unstructured feed-forward network (FFN) weights…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-13 Kangcong Li , Peng Ye , Chongjun Tu , Lin Zhang , Chunfeng Song , Jiamin Wu , Tao Yang , Qihao Zheng , Tao Chen

LLMs have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in understanding tasks but continue to struggle with long-context comprehension, particularly with content located in the middle of extensive inputs. This limitation, known as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 James Begin , Namit Agrawal , Eshan Singh , Yicheng Fu , Sean O'Brien , Vasu Sharma , Kevin Zhu

Recent investigations into effective context lengths of modern flagship large language models (LLMs) have revealed major limitations in effective question answering (QA) and reasoning over long and complex contexts for even the largest and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Anwesan Pal , Karen Hovsepian , Tinghao Guo , Mengnan Zhao , Somendra Tripathi , Nikos Kanakaris , George Mihaila , Sumit Nigam

Large language models (LLMs) continue to struggle with knowledge-intensive questions that require up-to-date information and multi-hop reasoning. Augmenting LLMs with hybrid external knowledge, such as unstructured text and structured…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Junhong Lin , Bing Zhang , Song Wang , Ziyan Liu , Dan Gutfreund , Julian Shun , Yada Zhu

Large language model (LLM) agents face fundamental limitations in long-horizon reasoning due to finite context windows, making effective memory management critical. Existing methods typically handle long-term memory (LTM) and short-term…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yi Yu , Liuyi Yao , Yuexiang Xie , Qingquan Tan , Jiaqi Feng , Yaliang Li , Libing Wu

The development of generative large language models (G-LLM) opened up new opportunities for the development of new types of knowledge-based systems similar to ChatGPT, Bing, or Gemini. Fine-tuning (FN) and Retrieval-Augmented Generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Robert Lakatos , Peter Pollner , Andras Hajdu , Tamas Joo

Large language models (LLMs) struggle with maintaining coherence in extended conversations spanning hundreds of turns, despite performing well within their context windows. This paper introduces HEMA (Hippocampus-Inspired Extended Memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Kwangseob Ahn

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a mainstay for many everyday applications. However, as data evolve their knowledge quickly becomes outdated. Continual learning aims to update LLMs with new information without erasing previously…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Thomas Katraouras , Dimitrios Rafailidis

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant performance improvements across various cognitive tasks. An emerging application is using LLMs to enhance retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) capabilities. These systems require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Satyapriya Krishna , Kalpesh Krishna , Anhad Mohananey , Steven Schwarcz , Adam Stambler , Shyam Upadhyay , Manaal Faruqui

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit emerging in-context learning abilities through prompt engineering. The recent progress in large-scale generative models has further expanded their use in real-world language applications. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Linyi Yang , Shuibai Zhang , Zhuohao Yu , Guangsheng Bao , Yidong Wang , Jindong Wang , Ruochen Xu , Wei Ye , Xing Xie , Weizhu Chen , Yue Zhang

In this paper, we propose Knowledge Base augmented Language Model (KBLaM), a new method for augmenting Large Language Models (LLMs) with external knowledge. KBLaM works with a knowledge base (KB) constructed from a corpus of documents,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Xi Wang , Taketomo Isazawa , Liana Mikaelyan , James Hensman

In this paper, we introduce a novel learning paradigm for Adaptive Large Language Model (LLM) agents that eliminates the need for fine-tuning the underlying LLMs. Existing approaches are often either rigid, relying on static, handcrafted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Huichi Zhou , Yihang Chen , Siyuan Guo , Xue Yan , Kin Hei Lee , Zihan Wang , Ka Yiu Lee , Guchun Zhang , Kun Shao , Linyi Yang , Jun Wang

Modern NLP models are becoming better conversational agents than their predecessors. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and especially Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) features allow the agent to better store and use information about semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Yoshija Walter

Large Language Models (LLMs) have proven immensely beneficial in education by capturing vast amounts of literature-based information, allowing them to generate context without relying on external sources. In this paper, we propose a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Umar Ali Khan , Ekram Khan , Fiza Khan , Athar Ali Moinuddin