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Large language models (LLMs) typically operate in a question-answering paradigm, where the quality of the input prompt critically affects the response. Automated Prompt Optimization (APO) aims to overcome the cognitive biases of manually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Jian Zhang , Zhangqi Wang , Haiping Zhu , Kangda Cheng , Kai He , Bo Li , Qika Lin , Jun Liu , Erik Cambria

A hallmark of modern large language models (LLMs) is their impressive general zero-shot and few-shot abilities, often elicited through in-context learning (ICL) via prompting. However, while highly coveted and being the most general,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Xingchen Wan , Ruoxi Sun , Hootan Nakhost , Hanjun Dai , Julian Martin Eisenschlos , Sercan O. Arik , Tomas Pfister

Pairwise evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) is a common paradigm, but it is prone to preference bias, where judges systematically favor certain outputs, such as their own. This bias leads to inconsistent and skewed rankings across…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yang Zhang , Cunxiang Wang , Lindong Wu , Wenbo Yu , Yidong Wang , Guangsheng Bao , Jie Tang

Momentum-Aided Prompt Optimization (MAPO) enhances the efficiency and efficacy of prompt optimization for Large Language Models (LLMs). Building on ProTeGi, MAPO uses positive natural language "gradients" and a momentum-based extension to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Anthony Cui , Pranav Nandyalam , Andrew Rufail , Ethan Cheung , Aiden Lei , Kevin Zhu , Sean O'Brien

Large Language Models have excelled in remarkable reasoning capabilities with advanced prompting techniques, but they fall short on tasks that require exploration, strategic foresight, and sequential decision-making. Recent works propose to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Zheyu Zhang , Zhuorui Ye , Yikang Shen , Chuang Gan

Since the advent of large language models (LLMs), prompt engineering has been a crucial step for eliciting desired responses for various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, prompt engineering remains an impediment for end…

Autonomous agents powered by language models (LMs) have demonstrated promise in their ability to perform decision-making tasks such as web automation. However, a key limitation remains: LMs, primarily optimized for natural language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jing Yu Koh , Stephen McAleer , Daniel Fried , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

With strong capabilities of reasoning and a broad understanding of the world, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated immense potential in building versatile embodied decision-making agents capable of executing a wide array of tasks.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Xiaoyu Chen , Shenao Zhang , Pushi Zhang , Li Zhao , Jianyu Chen

Text-to-image models have shown remarkable progress in generating high-quality images from user-provided prompts. Despite this, the quality of these images varies due to the models' sensitivity to human language nuances. With advancements…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Xinrui Yang , Zhuohan Wang , Anthony Hu

Prompt tuning prepends a soft prompt to the input embeddings or hidden states and only optimizes the prompt to adapt pretrained models (PTMs) to downstream tasks. The previous work manually selects prompt layers which are far from optimal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Wei Zhu , Ming Tan

Recent months have seen the emergence of a powerful new trend in which large language models (LLMs) are augmented to become autonomous language agents capable of performing objective oriented multi-step tasks on their own, rather than…

While language models (LMs) have shown potential across a range of decision-making tasks, their reliance on simple acting processes limits their broad deployment as autonomous agents. In this paper, we introduce Language Agent Tree Search…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Andy Zhou , Kai Yan , Michal Shlapentokh-Rothman , Haohan Wang , Yu-Xiong Wang

Prompt engineering has emerged as a powerful technique for guiding large language models (LLMs) toward desired responses, significantly enhancing their performance across diverse tasks. Beyond their role as static predictors, LLMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Ryumei Nakada , Wenlong Ji , Tianxi Cai , James Zou , Linjun Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various tasks, with their performance heavily dependent on the quality of input prompts. While prompt engineering has proven effective, it typically relies on…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Xavier Sécheresse , Jacques-Yves Guilbert--Ly , Antoine Villedieu de Torcy

We introduce Meta Prompting (MP), a framework that elevates the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by focusing on the formal structure of a task rather than content-specific examples. We establish a theoretical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Yifan Zhang , Yang Yuan , Andrew Chi-Chih Yao

The field of prompt engineering is becoming an essential phenomenon in artificial intelligence. It is altering how data scientists interact with large language models (LLMs) for analytics applications. This research paper shares empirical…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Snehasish Paul , Rohit Kumar , Laxman Das

Prompt engineering is crucial for achieving reliable and effective outputs from large language models (LLMs), but its design requires specialized knowledge of prompting techniques and a deep understanding of target tasks. To address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Yohei Ikenoue , Hitomi Tashiro , Shigeru Kuroyanagi

Optimization is fundamental across numerous disciplines, typically following an iterative process of refining an initial solution to enhance performance. This principle is equally critical in prompt engineering, where designing effective…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Dongyu Chen , Jian Ma , Xianpeng Zhang , Lei Zhang , Haonan Lu , Chen Chen , Chuangchuang Wang , Kai Tang

Prompt engineering is essential for optimizing large language models (LLMs), yet the link between prompt structures and task performance remains underexplored. This work introduces an evolutionary approach that combines context-free grammar…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Gabriel Machado Santos , Rita Maria da Silva Julia , Marcelo Zanchetta do Nascimento

Prompt engineering has proven to be a crucial step in leveraging pretrained large language models (LLMs) in solving various real-world tasks. Numerous solutions have been proposed that seek to automate prompt engineering by using the model…