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Hallucinations in vision-language models (VLMs) hinder reliability and real-world applicability, usually stemming from distribution shifts between pretraining data and test samples. Existing solutions, such as retraining or fine-tuning on…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Fei Zhao , Chengcui Zhang , Runlin Zhang , Tianyang Wang , Xi Li

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved impressive performance across a wide range of multimodal tasks, yet they often exhibit inconsistent behavior when faced with semantically equivalent inputs, undermining their reliability and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Shih-Han Chou , Shivam Chandhok , James J. Little , Leonid Sigal

Automated radiology report generation using vision-language models (VLMs) is limited by the risk of prior-comparison hallucination, where the model generates historical findings unsupported by the current study. We address this challenge…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Ao Li , Rui Liu , Mingjie Li , Sheng Liu , Lei Wang , Xiaodan Liang , Lina Yao , Xiaojun Chang , Lei Xing

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) excel at zero-shot inference but often degrade under test-time domain shifts. For this reason, episodic test-time adaptation strategies have recently emerged as powerful techniques for adapting VLMs to a single…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Konstantinos M. Dafnis , Dimitris N. Metaxas

Vision-language models (VLMs) struggle in open-world applications, where out-of-distribution (OOD) concepts often trigger cross-modal alignment collapse and severely degrade zero-shot performance. We identify the root cause as modal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Jensen Zhang , Ningyuan Liu , Keze Wang

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated strong performance across a wide range of robotic manipulation tasks. Despite the success, extending large pretrained Vision-Language Models (VLMs) to the action space can induce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Yiye Chen , Yanan Jian , Xiaoyi Dong , Shuxin Cao , Jing Wu , Patricio Vela , Benjamin E. Lundell , Dongdong Chen

This paper presents VisLingInstruct, a novel approach to advancing Multi-Modal Language Models (MMLMs) in zero-shot learning. Current MMLMs show impressive zero-shot abilities in multi-modal tasks, but their performance depends heavily on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Dongsheng Zhu , Xunzhu Tang , Weidong Han , Jinghui Lu , Yukun Zhao , Guoliang Xing , Junfeng Wang , Dawei Yin

Changing the behavior of large language models (LLMs) can be as straightforward as editing the Transformer's residual streams using appropriately constructed "steering vectors." These modifications to internal neural activations, a form of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Jian-Qiao Zhu , Haijiang Yan , Thomas L. Griffiths

This paper investigates how Large Language Models (LLMs) represent non-English tokens -- a question that remains underexplored despite recent progress. We propose a lightweight intervention method using representation steering, where a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Omar Mahmoud , Buddhika Laknath Semage , Thommen George Karimpanal , Santu Rana

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated strong performance across various multimodal tasks, where position encoding plays a vital role in modeling both the sequential structure of textual information and the spatial structure of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Ruoxiang Huang , Xindian Ma , Rundong Kong , Zhen Yuan , Peng Zhang

A fundamental challenge in autonomous driving is the integration of high-level, semantic reasoning for long-tail events with low-level, reactive control for robust driving. While large vision-language models (VLMs) trained on web-scale data…

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models aim to predict robotic actions based on visual observations and language instructions. Existing approaches require fine-tuning pre-trained visionlanguage models (VLMs) as visual and language features are…

We propose cache steering, a lightweight method for implicit steering of language models via a one-shot intervention applied directly to the key-value cache. To validate its effectiveness, we apply cache steering to induce chain-of-thought…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Max Belitsky , Dawid J. Kopiczko , Michael Dorkenwald , M. Jehanzeb Mirza , James R. Glass , Cees G. M. Snoek , Yuki M. Asano

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) excel at multimodal tasks, but they remain vulnerable to hallucinations that are factually incorrect or ungrounded in the input image. Recent work suggests that hallucination detection using internal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ryuhei Miyazato , Shunsuke Kitada , Kei Harada

Object hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) significantly impedes their real-world applicability. As the primary component for accurately interpreting visual information, the choice of visual encoder is pivotal. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Weihang Wang , Xinhao Li , Ziyue Wang , Yan Pang , Jielei Zhang , Peiyi Li , Qiang Zhang , Longwen Gao

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in visual-textual understanding, yet their reliability is critically undermined by hallucinations, i.e., the generation of factually incorrect or inconsistent responses.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Chengsheng Zhang , Chenghao Sun , Xinyan Jiang , Wei Li , Xinmei Tian

Recent work has demonstrated state-of-the-art results in large language model (LLM) hallucination detection and mitigation through consistency-based approaches which involve aggregating multiple responses sampled from a single LLM for a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Demian Till , John Smeaton , Peter Haubrick , Gouse Saheb , Florian Graef , David Berman

We investigate the internal representations of vision-language models (VLMs) to address hallucinations, a persistent challenge despite advances in model size and training. We project VLMs' internal image representations to their language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Nick Jiang , Anish Kachinthaya , Suzie Petryk , Yossi Gandelsman

Online test-time adaptation (OTTA) of vision-language models (VLMs) has recently garnered increased attention to take advantage of data observed along a stream to improve future predictions. Unfortunately, existing methods rely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Clément Fuchs , Maxime Zanella , Christophe De Vleeschouwer

Current training-free methods tackle MLLM hallucination with separate strategies: either enhancing visual signals or suppressing text inertia. However, these separate methods are insufficient due to critical trade-offs: simply enhancing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Zhan Fa , Yue Duan , Jian Zhang , Lei Qi , Yinghuan Shi