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Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced their knowledge and generative capabilities, leading to a surge of interest in leveraging LLMs for high-quality data synthesis. However, synthetic data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Ying Zhou , Xinyao Wang , Yulei Niu , Yaojie Shen , Lexin Tang , Fan Chen , Ben He , Le Sun , Longyin Wen

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) have recently drawn considerable attention within the research community as a promising alternative to autoregressive generation, offering parallel token prediction and lower inference latency. Yet,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Zigeng Chen , Gongfan Fang , Xinyin Ma , Ruonan Yu , Xinchao Wang

Modern RL-based post-training for large language models (LLMs) co-locate trajectory sampling and policy optimisation on the same GPU cluster, forcing the system to switch between inference and training workloads. This serial context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Jie Xiao , Changyuan Fan , Qingnan Ren , Alfred Long , Yuchen Zhang , Rymon Yu , Eric Yang , Lynn Ai , Shaoduo Gan

Masked diffusion models (MDMs) have recently emerged as a promising alternative to autoregressive models over discrete domains. MDMs generate sequences in an any-order, parallel fashion, enabling fast inference and strong performance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Jaeyeon Kim , Lee Cheuk-Kit , Carles Domingo-Enrich , Yilun Du , Sham Kakade , Timothy Ngotiaoco , Sitan Chen , Michael Albergo

Recent advancements in diffusion models have significantly improved performance in super-resolution (SR) tasks. However, previous research often overlooks the fundamental differences between SR and general image generation. General image…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-31 Hanlin Wu , Jiangwei Mo , Xiaohui Sun , Jie Ma

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs), which offer bidirectional context and flexible masked-denoising generation, are emerging as a compelling alternative to autoregressive (AR) LLMs. However, like AR LLMs, their model sizes continue to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Tianao Zhang , Zhiteng Li , Xianglong Yan , Haotong Qin , Yong Guo , Yulun Zhang

We propose DiFFPO, Diffusion Fast and Furious Policy Optimization, a unified framework for training masked diffusion large language models (dLLMs) to reason not only better (furious), but also faster via reinforcement learning (RL). We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Hanyang Zhao , Dawen Liang , Wenpin Tang , David Yao , Nathan Kallus

Diffusion large language models (D-LLMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to auto-regressive models due to their iterative refinement capabilities. However, hallucinations remain a critical issue that hinders their reliability. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yanyu Qian , Yue Tan , Yixin Liu , Wang Yu , Shirui Pan

Masked Diffusion Models (MDMs) have emerged as one of the most promising paradigms for generative modeling over discrete domains. It is known that MDMs effectively train to decode tokens in a random order, and that this ordering has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Prateek Garg , Bhavya Kohli , Sunita Sarawagi

Masked diffusion language models (MDMs) uniquely support any-order generation, with confidence-based decoding currently serving as the de facto standard inference policy. To optimize for this, recent training schemes attempt to align…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Dueun Kim , Albert No

When Masked Diffusion Models (MDMs) generate sequences through iterative refinement, the rich internal computation over masked positions is discarded, forcing every subsequent refinement step to recompute the valuable internal information…

While Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) are theoretically well-suited for iterative refinement due to their non-causal structure, they often fail to reliably revise incorrect tokens in practice. The key challenge lies in the model's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Shuibai Zhang , Fred Zhangzhi Peng , Yiheng Zhang , Jin Pan , Grigorios G. Chrysos

In this paper, we introduce Dynamic Layer Operations (DLO), a novel approach for vertically scaling transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) by dynamically expanding, activating, or skipping layers using a sophisticated routing policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Zhen Tan , Daize Dong , Xinyu Zhao , Jie Peng , Yu Cheng , Tianlong Chen

Discrete diffusion models are often trained through clean-data prediction, but the prediction can be used in different ways to define the reverse dynamics. In Masked Diffusion Models (MDM) these choices largely coincide, whereas in Uniform…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Samson Gourevitch , Yazid Janati , Dario Shariatian , Umut Simsekli , Eric Moulines , Eric P. Xing , Alain Durmus

Diffusion language models offer parallel token generation and inherent bidirectionality, promising more efficient and powerful sequence modeling compared to autoregressive approaches. However, state-of-the-art diffusion models (e.g., Dream…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Zhanqiu Hu , Jian Meng , Yash Akhauri , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah , Jae-sun Seo , Zhiru Zhang , Udit Gupta

We introduce the Diffusion Chain of Lateral Thought (DCoLT), a reasoning framework for diffusion language models. DCoLT treats each intermediate step in the reverse diffusion process as a latent "thinking" action and optimizes the entire…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Zemin Huang , Zhiyang Chen , Zijun Wang , Tiancheng Li , Guo-Jun Qi

In this paper, we introduce the Curse of Depth, a concept that highlights, explains, and addresses the recent observation in modern Large Language Models (LLMs) where nearly half of the layers are less effective than expected. We first…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Wenfang Sun , Xinyuan Song , Pengxiang Li , Lu Yin , Yefeng Zheng , Shiwei Liu

Diffusion models excel at modeling complex and multimodal trajectory distributions for decision-making and control. Reward-gradient guided denoising has been recently proposed to generate trajectories that maximize both a differentiable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Brian Yang , Huangyuan Su , Nikolaos Gkanatsios , Tsung-Wei Ke , Ayush Jain , Jeff Schneider , Katerina Fragkiadaki

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate their reasoning ability through chain-of-thought (CoT) generation. However, LLM's autoregressive decoding may limit the ability to revisit and refine earlier tokens in a holistic manner, which can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Haoqiang Kang , Yizhe Zhang , Nikki Lijing Kuang , Nicklas Majamaki , Navdeep Jaitly , Yi-An Ma , Lianhui Qin

Diffusion Large Language Models (dLLMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to autoregressive (AR) LLMs for text generation, with the potential to decode multiple tokens in a single iteration. However, none of the existing open-source…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Xu Wang , Chenkai Xu , Yijie Jin , Jiachun Jin , Hao Zhang , Zhijie Deng