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Large language model (LLM) routing has emerged as a crucial strategy for balancing computational costs with performance by dynamically assigning queries to the most appropriate model based on query complexity. Despite recent advances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Aly M. Kassem , Bernhard Schölkopf , Zhijing Jin

Private data, being larger and quality-higher than public data, can greatly improve large language models (LLM). However, due to privacy concerns, this data is often dispersed in multiple silos, making its secure utilization for LLM…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-24 JiaYing Zheng , HaiNan Zhang , LingXiang Wang , WangJie Qiu , HongWei Zheng , ZhiMing Zheng

As large language models (LLMs) grow in scale and specialization, routing--selecting the best model for a given input--has become essential for efficient and effective deployment. While recent methods rely on complex learned routing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yang Li

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) with varying computational costs and performance profiles presents a critical challenge for scalable, cost-effective deployment in real-world applications. We introduce a unified routing…

Federated Learning (FL) is a novel machine learning approach that allows the model trainer to access more data samples, by training the model across multiple decentralized data sources, while data access constraints are in place. Such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Andre Manoel , Mirian Hipolito Garcia , Tal Baumel , Shize Su , Jialei Chen , Dan Miller , Danny Karmon , Robert Sim , Dimitrios Dimitriadis

The rapid proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has created an unprecedented demand for fine-tuning models for specialized domains, such as medical science. While federated learning (FL) offers a decentralized and privacy-preserving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Amir Faiyaz , Tara Salman

Federated fine-tuning has emerged as a promising approach to adapt foundation models to downstream tasks using decentralized data. However, real-world deployment remains challenging due to the high computational and communication demands of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Yajie Zhou , Xiaoyi Pang , Zhibo Wang

Decentralized federated learning (D-FL) enables privacy-preserving training without a central server, but multi-hop model exchanges and aggregation are often bottlenecked by communication resource constraints. To address this issue, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xiaoyu He , Weicai Li , Tiejun Lv , Xi Yu

Federated Learning (FL) has gained popularity for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) across multiple nodes, each with its own private data. While LoRA has been widely adopted for parameter efficient federated fine-tuning, recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Navyansh Mahla , Sunny Gupta , Amit Sethi

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed the way computers understand and process human language, but using them effectively across different organizations remains still difficult. When organizations work together to improve LLMs, they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Xuhan Zuo , Minghao Wang , Tianqing Zhu , Shui Yu , Wanlei Zhou

As the range of applications for Large Language Models (LLMs) continues to grow, the demand for effective serving solutions becomes increasingly critical. Despite the versatility of LLMs, no single model can optimally address all tasks and…

Large language models (LLMs) have driven profound transformations in wireless networks. However, within wireless environments, the training of LLMs faces significant challenges related to security and privacy. Federated Learning (FL), with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Feibo Jiang , Li Dong , Siwei Tu , Yubo Peng , Kezhi Wang , Kun Yang , Cunhua Pan , Dusit Niyato

Federated learning is a distributed, privacy-aware learning scenario which trains a single model on data belonging to several clients. Each client trains a local model on its data and the local models are then aggregated by a central party.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Hesham Mostafa

Robust machine learning (ML) models can be developed by leveraging large volumes of data and distributing the computational tasks across numerous devices or servers. Federated learning (FL) is a technique in the realm of ML that facilitates…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have experienced widespread adoption across scientific and industrial domains due to their versatility and utility for diverse tasks. Nevertheless, deploying and serving these models at scale with optimal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Josef Pichlmeier , Philipp Ross , Andre Luckow

Routing large language models (LLMs) is a new paradigm that uses a router to recommend the best LLM from a pool of candidates for a given input. In this paper, our comprehensive analysis with more than 8,500 LLMs reveals a novel model-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Zhongzhan Huang , Guoming Ling , Yupei Lin , Yandong Chen , Shanshan Zhong , Hefeng Wu , Liang Lin

Federated Learning (FL) is emerging as a popular, promising decentralized learning framework that enables collaborative training among clients, with no need to share private data between them or to a centralized server. However, considering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Yue Niu , Saurav Prakash , Souvik Kundu , Sunwoo Lee , Salman Avestimehr

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging machine learning paradigm in which a central server coordinates multiple participants (clients) collaboratively to train on decentralized data. In practice, FL often faces statistical, system, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Liping Yi , Han Yu , Gang Wang , Xiaoguang Liu , Xiaoxiao Li

Federated Learning (FL) facilitates collaborative machine learning by training models on local datasets, and subsequently aggregating these local models at a central server. However, the frequent exchange of model parameters between clients…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Liwei Wang , Jun Li , Wen Chen , Qingqing Wu , Ming Ding

Recent research in federated large language models (LLMs) has primarily focused on enabling clients to fine-tune their locally deployed homogeneous LLMs collaboratively or on transferring knowledge from server-based LLMs to small language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Tao Fan , Guoqiang Ma , Yan Kang , Hanlin Gu , Yuanfeng Song , Lixin Fan , Kai Chen , Qiang Yang