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Despite the advancements of open-source large language models (LLMs), e.g., LLaMA, they remain significantly limited in tool-use capabilities, i.e., using external tools (APIs) to fulfill human instructions. The reason is that current…

Recent research has highlighted the potential of large language models (LLMs) to improve their problem-solving capabilities with the aid of suitable external tools. In our work, we further advance this concept by introducing a closed-loop…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Tianle Cai , Xuezhi Wang , Tengyu Ma , Xinyun Chen , Denny Zhou

Recently, integrating external tools with Large Language Models (LLMs) has gained significant attention as an effective strategy to mitigate the limitations inherent in their pre-training data. However, real-world systems often incorporate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Changle Qu , Sunhao Dai , Xiaochi Wei , Hengyi Cai , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Jun Xu , Ji-Rong Wen

Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs) are attracting widespread attention when accessing up-to-date knowledge and alleviating hallucination issues. Nowadays, advanced closed-source LLMs (e.g., ChatGPT) have demonstrated surprising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Anchun Gui , Jian Li , Yong Dai , Nan Du , Han Xiao

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in language understanding and reasoning, yet they remain limited when tackling real-world tasks that require up-to-date knowledge, precise operations, or specialized tool…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Yabo Zhang , Yihan Zeng , Qingyun Li , Zhen Hu , Kavin Han , Wangmeng Zuo

Recent works have shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) could empower traditional neuro-symbolic models via programming capabilities to translate language into module descriptions, thus achieving strong visual reasoning results while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Zhenfang Chen , Rui Sun , Wenjun Liu , Yining Hong , Chuang Gan

Code large language models (LLMs) face limitations in repository-level code generation due to their lack of awareness of repository-level dependencies (e.g., user-defined attributes), resulting in dependency errors such as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Chong Wang , Jian Zhang , Yebo Feng , Tianlin Li , Weisong Sun , Yang Liu , Xin Peng

Detecting vulnerabilities in source code remains critical yet challenging, as conventional static analysis tools construct inaccurate program representations, while existing LLM-based approaches often miss essential vulnerability context…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yiheng Cao , Yihao Chen , Xin Hu , Bihuan Chen , Jiayi Deng , Zhuotong Zhou , Susheng Wu , Yiheng Huang , Xueying Du , Xingman Chen , Miaohua Li , Xin Peng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great promise in generating code, especially when used inside an evolutionary computation framework to iteratively optimize the generated algorithms. However, in some cases they fail to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Niki van Stein , Anna V. Kononova , Lars Kotthoff , Thomas Bäck

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have streamlined front-end interface development by automating code generation. However, these models also introduce challenges in ensuring code quality. Existing approaches struggle to maintain both…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yunnong Chen , Shixian Ding , YingYing Zhang , Wenkai Chen , Jinzhou Du , Lingyun Sun , Liuqing Chen

Large language models have drastically changed the prospects of AI by introducing technologies for more complex natural language processing. However, current methodologies to train such LLMs require extensive resources including but not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Noel Elias , Homa Esfahanizadeh , Kaan Kale , Sriram Vishwanath , Muriel Medard

Large language models (LLMs) have already revolutionized code generation, after being pretrained on publicly available code data. However, while various methods have been proposed to augment LLMs with retrieved knowledge and enhance the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Shuyang Jiang , Yuhao Wang , Yu Wang

Large language models (LLMs) are widely deployed in various downstream tasks, e.g., auto-completion, aided writing, or chat-based text generation. However, the considered output candidates of the underlying search algorithm are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Thilo Spinner , Rebecca Kehlbeck , Rita Sevastjanova , Tobias Stähle , Daniel A. Keim , Oliver Deussen , Mennatallah El-Assady

The most common training pipeline for large language models includes pretraining, finetuning and aligning phases, with their respective resulting models, such as the pretrained model and the finetuned model. Finetuned and aligned models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Lifeng Jin , Baolin Peng , Linfeng Song , Haitao Mi , Ye Tian , Dong Yu

Verifiers can improve language model capabilities by scoring and ranking responses from generated candidates. Currently, high-quality verifiers are either unscalable (e.g., humans) or limited in utility (e.g., tools like Lean). While LM…

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have developed rapidly in recent years to solve complex real-world problems using external tools. However, the scarcity of high-quality trajectories still hinders the development of stronger LLM agents.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Chen Yang , Ran Le , Yun Xing , Zhenwei An , Zongchao Chen , Wayne Xin Zhao , Yang Song , Tao Zhang

Generative recommendation has recently emerged as a powerful paradigm that unifies retrieval and generation, representing items as discrete semantic tokens and enabling flexible sequence modeling with autoregressive models. Despite its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Zheng Hui , Xiaokai Wei , Reza Shirkavand , Chen Wang , Weizhi Zhang , Alejandro Peláez , Michelle Gong

Ensembling different large language models (LLMs) to unleash their complementary potential and harness their individual strengths is highly valuable. Nevertheless, vocabulary discrepancies among various LLMs have constrained previous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Yangyifan Xu , Jinliang Lu , Jiajun Zhang

There is a growing interest in utilizing large-scale language models (LLMs) to advance next-generation Recommender Systems (RecSys), driven by their outstanding language understanding and in-context learning capabilities. In this scenario,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Haohao Qu , Wenqi Fan , Zihuai Zhao , Qing Li

Tool learning, which allows Large Language Models (LLMs) to leverage external tools for solving complex user tasks, has emerged as a promising avenue for extending model capabilities. However, existing approaches primarily focus on data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Xingshan Zeng , Weiwen Liu , Xu Huang , Zezhong Wang , Lingzhi Wang , Liangyou Li , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Ruiming Tang , Qun Liu